The Castle of Almada, known locally as Castelo de Almada, is a medieval fortress perched majestically over the town of Almada in Portugal. This historic stronghold has witnessed centuries of tumultuous events, from the era of Muslim occupation to the dramatic battles of the Portuguese Reconquista. Today, the Castle of Almada stands as a testament to the resilience and strategic importance of this region, offering visitors a fascinating glimpse into Portugal's rich past.
The Castle of Almada was originally established on a site of significant strategic value, settled by Muslim forces during the Iberian occupation. Known as al-Madan, a name that hints at the area's historical involvement in mineral extraction, this location was first mentioned in the 12th-century Geografia Nubiense by Muhammad al-Idrisi. The castle's strategic importance was recognized early on, and it played a crucial role during the Portuguese Reconquista.
In 1147, during the Reconquista of Lisbon, Almada was assaulted and captured by the combined forces of King Afonso I and a crusader army. Following this conquest, the settlement's defenses were strengthened and expanded, particularly after the issuance of a foral (charter) in 1170. This period of fortification was essential to maintaining control over the region as Christian forces sought to reclaim territory from Muslim rulers.
The Castle of Almada underwent significant reconstruction and expansion over the centuries, particularly during the reigns of various Portuguese monarchs. King Sancho I issued a new foral in 1190, but the castle faced destruction in 1191 when Almohad forces, led by caliph Abū Yūssuf Yaʿqūb bin Yūssuf al-Manṣūr, advanced northward and dismantled the defensive lines in Almada. The Portuguese managed to reconquer the fortifications in 1195, and construction of a new castle began.
Following the decisive Battle of Navas de Tolosa in 1212, Christian forces regained control of the lost territories, and the Castle of Almada saw further enhancements. In 1255, King Afonso III reconfirmed the control of the castle to the Order of Santiago, solidifying its importance in the region's defense network. Subsequent monarchs, including King Dinis I and King Ferdinand, continued to expand and reinforce the castle's fortifications.
The Castle of Almada played a pivotal role during various conflicts throughout its history. During the succession crisis of 1383-1385, the castle came under siege by forces loyal to Castile. Despite these challenges, the castle remained a key defensive stronghold, particularly during the reign of King Manuel I, who constructed a tower on the south wall of the castle fortifications.
During the Portuguese Restoration War (1640-1668), the castle was rebuilt to maintain the defense of Lisbon, resulting in the construction of a line of bastions. However, the castle sustained significant damage during the Lisbon earthquake of 1755, and reconstruction efforts were only completed around 1760, giving the castle its current form.
The Castle of Almada was decommissioned in 1825, and its arms and materials were transferred to the military arsenal in Lisbon. However, the site was garrisoned again in 1831 during the Portuguese Civil War, and it briefly served as a stronghold for Miguelist forces before being captured by Liberal forces in 1833. In the late 19th century, the castle underwent repairs to coordinate with the defensive batteries on the southern margin of the Tagus River.
By the early 20th century, the castle had lost its defensive function and was transformed into a public garden, offering stunning views of the Tagus River. During the First Portuguese Republic, the castle was occupied by Republican forces without resistance. It even served as a temporary hospital during the 1918 pandemic.
Today, the Castle of Almada is a cherished historical site and a popular destination for visitors. In the 1990s, the municipal authority of Almada undertook restoration efforts to improve the public garden and enhance the historical center of Almada Velha. The castle and its fortifications are now occupied by the Destacamento de Intervenção de Setúbal of the GNR (Republican National Guard), ensuring its preservation and maintenance.
Visitors to the Castle of Almada can explore its ancient walls, towers, and bastions, gaining a deeper appreciation for the rich history and strategic importance of this medieval fortress. The castle offers breathtaking panoramic views of the Tagus River and the surrounding landscape, making it a must-visit destination for history enthusiasts and tourists alike.
In conclusion, the Castle of Almada is not just a historical monument; it is a symbol of the region's enduring legacy and resilience. Its walls echo the stories of battles fought and won, of strategic importance and architectural brilliance. A visit to the Castle of Almada is a journey through time, offering a unique perspective on Portugal's fascinating history.
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