Elephant Fountain

The Elephant Fountain, or Fontana dell'Elefante as it's known locally, stands proudly in the heart of Catania's Piazza del Duomo. This striking monument, created between 1735 and 1737 by architect Giovanni Battista Vaccarini, is an emblem of the Sicilian city, embodying its rich history and vibrant culture. The fountain's centerpiece is a black basalt statue of an elephant, affectionately called u Liotru by locals, and it serves as a symbol of Catania's resilience and spirit.

The History of the Elephant Fountain

The Elephant Fountain was part of the grand reconstruction of Catania following the devastating earthquake of 1693. Giovanni Battista Vaccarini, a renowned architect from Palermo, was tasked with designing this masterpiece. While some claim he drew inspiration from Gian Lorenzo Bernini's Elephant and Obelisk in Rome, the true origins of the design may trace back to the 1499 publication Hypnerotomachia Poliphili, attributed to Francesco Colonna.

The statue itself, carved from a single block of lava stone, has an uncertain age. It is believed that the elephant was initially created during the Byzantine or Carthaginian era, and it was thought to have magical properties that protected the city from Mount Etna's eruptions. The statue's current form, with its white marble eyes and tusks, was restored by Vaccarini after the earthquake shattered its legs.

The Structure of the Fountain

The base of the Elephant Fountain is a white marble pedestal set in the center of a marble basin. Water gracefully flows from the pedestal into the basin below, creating a serene ambiance in the bustling piazza. The pedestal is adorned with sculptures representing the two rivers of Catania, the Simeto and the Amenano, adding a touch of local flavor to the monument.

Perched atop the elephant is an Egyptian-style obelisk, standing 3.66 meters high and made of granite. Though it lacks hieroglyphs, the obelisk is decorated with Egyptian-style figures. It is believed to have been a part of an ancient Roman circus in Catania, with its counterpart now residing in the courtyard of Castello Ursino. The obelisk is topped with a globe surrounded by a palm leaf crown, symbolizing martyrdom, and a lily branch, representing purity. Above these is a metal plaque inscribed with a dedication to Saint Agatha, Catania's patron saint, and crowned with a cross.

The Legend of U Liotru

The name u Liotru is said to be a distortion of the name Heliodorus, a nobleman from Catania who, according to legend, aspired to become a bishop. When his ambitions were thwarted, he turned to sorcery and was eventually condemned by Bishop Leo II. Heliodorus is said to have sculpted the elephant and even rode it to Constantinople. Although these tales are fictional, they add a layer of mystique to the fountain's history.

Contrary to these legends, the elephant is believed to have served as the gnomon of a sundial in the Piazza del Duomo, measuring time with the sun's light. This function, combined with the local dialect, gave rise to the name liotru.

The Cultural Significance

The Elephant Fountain is more than just a monument; it is a cultural icon deeply intertwined with Catania's identity. The elephant became the official symbol of the city in 1239, replacing Saint George's effigy. This change followed a series of revolts that led to Catania's transition from a bishopric to a royal city under Frederick II.

Today, the elephant is proudly displayed on the city's coat of arms, the metropolitan city's emblem, and even the university's logo. It also serves as the mascot for local sports teams, including Catania's football and rugby clubs, further cementing its place in the hearts of the people.

Visiting the Elephant Fountain

A visit to the Elephant Fountain is a must for anyone exploring Catania. Its central location in Piazza del Duomo makes it easily accessible, surrounded by other architectural gems like the Cathedral of Saint Agatha. As you admire the fountain, take a moment to soak in the vibrant atmosphere of the piazza, where locals and tourists mingle, and the spirit of Catania comes alive.

Whether you're a history enthusiast or simply looking to enjoy the beauty of Sicilian culture, the Elephant Fountain offers a captivating glimpse into the past and present of this remarkable city. Its enduring charm and storied history make it an unforgettable highlight of any visit to Catania.