U. S. Custom House

The U.S. Custom House in Charleston, South Carolina, stands as a testament to the rich history and architectural prowess of the 19th century. This stately building, with its grand Corinthian columns and imposing façade, invites visitors to step back in time and explore the stories embedded in its walls. Nestled in the heart of Charleston's historic district, the Custom House is more than just a relic of the past; it’s a symbol of resilience and transformation.

The Origins of the U.S. Custom House

The journey of the U.S. Custom House began in the tense years leading up to the Civil War. Construction commenced in 1853, driven by the federal government's desire to replace the previous custom house and send a positive message to South Carolina amid growing secessionist sentiments. The design was the result of a competitive process involving several notable architects, ultimately leading to a plan by Ammi Burnham Young, which incorporated elements from various proposals.

The initial design envisioned a two-story, cross-shaped structure with an elevated basement, stretching 259 feet in length and 152 feet in width. The building was to feature porticos supported by grand Corinthian columns, a nod to the classical architectural styles that were popular at the time. However, the onset of the Civil War and escalating costs led to modifications, including the removal of a planned dome in favor of skylights.

Construction Challenges and Completion

Building the Custom House was no small feat. Situated on marshland at Fitzsimons' Wharf, the site required significant groundwork. Over 7,000 piles were driven into the ground to create a stable foundation, upon which a network of timber and a thick layer of concrete were laid. By 1855, the granite base was completed, and work on the marble facades began soon after.

Progress was halted in 1859 due to financial constraints and the looming threat of secession. The Civil War further delayed construction, and the building sustained damage from artillery fire. It wasn’t until 1870 that efforts resumed, with Alfred B. Mullett revising the plans. The Custom House was finally completed in 1879, at a total cost of approximately $2.8 million.

Architectural Features

The U.S. Custom House is a striking example of Greek Revival architecture. Its exterior is adorned with Corinthian columns and a detailed entablature, creating a sense of grandeur and elegance. The building's rectangular windows and doors are framed by decorative cornices, adding to its aesthetic appeal. Inside, the two-story atrium is surrounded by a gallery supported by Corinthian columns and pilasters, offering a glimpse into the opulence of its original design.

The flat roof, edged with an open balustrade, provides a majestic view of the surrounding cityscape. This architectural masterpiece not only served as a functional space for customs operations but also as a symbol of federal presence and authority in the post-Civil War era.

A Historical Landmark

In 1974, the U.S. Custom House was added to the National Register of Historic Places, recognizing its historical and architectural significance. It also contributes to the Charleston Historic District, a testament to the city's rich cultural heritage. Throughout the years, the building has undergone various renovations to preserve its structural integrity and historical character.

In the 1960s, local preservationists rallied to save the Custom House from demolition, highlighting its importance to Charleston's architectural landscape. Their efforts ensured that this iconic structure would continue to stand as a monument to the city’s storied past.

Visiting the U.S. Custom House

Today, the U.S. Custom House remains a captivating attraction for history enthusiasts and architecture admirers alike. As you approach the building, the grandeur of its columns and the intricacy of its design are immediately striking. The building's exterior offers a perfect backdrop for photographs, capturing the essence of Charleston's historical charm.

While the interior is not always open to the public, the surrounding area is steeped in history. A stroll through the Charleston Historic District reveals a tapestry of stories, with the Custom House as a central figure in the narrative of the city’s evolution.

In conclusion, the U.S. Custom House in Charleston is more than just a building; it is a symbol of resilience, a witness to history, and a masterpiece of architectural design. Its walls echo with the tales of a bygone era, inviting visitors to explore and appreciate the rich heritage of this remarkable city.