Durham University Museum of Archaeology

The Durham University Museum of Archaeology, nestled within the historic heart of Durham, offers a fascinating journey through time, showcasing the rich archaeological heritage of north east England. Established in 1833, this museum stands as a testament to the region's vibrant past, housing an impressive collection of artefacts that span from prehistoric times to the post-medieval era.

A Storied Beginning

The museum's origins date back to the year the university itself was founded. Initially located in the Old Fulling Mill on the River Wear, it was the second university museum in England to open its doors to the public. The move to Bishop Cosin's Almshouses on Palace Green in 1876 marked a new chapter, bringing the museum closer to the iconic Durham Cathedral and the university's central hub.

The Evolution of the Collection

In its early days, the museum's collection was eclectic, featuring a significant number of natural history specimens alongside archaeological finds. Among the treasures were an almost complete collection of British birds and Roman artefacts from Binchester, which were highly praised for their archaeological value. However, the collection underwent significant changes during and after the First World War, leading to a more focused and educationally valuable assemblage.

Eric Birley's appointment as the first lecturer in archaeology in 1931 was a pivotal moment. His excavations at Hadrian's Wall added valuable material to the teaching collection, enriching the museum's offerings. The museum's relocation back to the Old Fulling Mill in 1975 allowed it to concentrate purely on archaeology, with further expansions in 1986. However, the mill's susceptibility to flooding and its location outside the main tourist areas prompted another move in 2014 to the Wolfson Gallery within the Durham University Library complex on Palace Green.

A Treasure Trove of Artefacts

The museum's collections are a veritable treasure trove, covering a broad spectrum of historical periods. Highlights include the Bronze Age Houghall Sword, discovered in 1996 on the Houghall campus of East Durham College. This Ewart Park sword, dating back to 700–900 BC, offers a glimpse into the region's ancient past.

Equally significant is the Oswald-Plique collection of Samian ware, acquired by Birley in 1950. This collection of over 4,500 pieces served as a reference for important works on Terra Sigillata, a type of Roman pottery. The Binchester and Benwell Roman artefacts, along with the Lanchester Diploma – the first complete Roman fleet diploma found in Britain – further enrich the museum's Roman offerings.

Development-Led Discoveries

The museum also serves as the repository for development-led archaeology finds in Durham City and surrounding parishes. This role has brought in a wealth of artefacts, including bone fragments of Durham's earliest known resident, carbon-dated to between 90 BC and 60 AD, discovered during the construction of student residences on Claypath in 2016–17. The museum also boasts one of the UK’s largest collections of post-medieval glass, with over 100 bottles from the 17th and 18th centuries recovered from earlier excavations on Claypath in the 1990s.

Rivers of History

Among the museum's most intriguing collections are the Piercebridge River Assemblage and the Durham River Wear Assemblage. The former consists of over 4,000 Roman artefacts recovered from where Dere Street crossed the River Tees, believed to be mostly votive offerings. The latter, with over 13,500 objects recovered from the River Wear below the 12th-century Elvet Bridge, was the subject of a special exhibition in 2023.

A Visit to Remember

Exploring the Durham University Museum of Archaeology is a captivating experience for history enthusiasts and casual visitors alike. The museum's thoughtfully curated exhibits provide a window into the region's past, from the prehistoric era through to the post-medieval period. Each artefact tells a story, shedding light on the lives of those who came before us.

For those interested in Roman history, the museum's extensive collection of Roman artefacts offers a unique opportunity to delve into the lives of the Roman inhabitants of the region. The Oswald-Plique collection, in particular, is a must-see for anyone fascinated by ancient pottery and its role in everyday Roman life.

The museum's role as a repository for development-led archaeology ensures that its collection is continually evolving, with new discoveries adding to the rich tapestry of the region's history. This dynamic aspect makes each visit to the museum a unique experience, as you never know what new artefacts might be on display.

In conclusion, the Durham University Museum of Archaeology is more than just a museum; it is a gateway to the past, offering a fascinating glimpse into the lives and times of the people who have shaped the region. Whether you are a seasoned archaeologist or a curious visitor, the museum promises an enriching and memorable experience.