Hertford Castle

Hertford Castle, nestled in the charming town of Hertford in Hertfordshire, England, is a captivating site that beckons history enthusiasts and curious travelers alike. This Grade-I listed building, protected as a Scheduled Monument, stands as one of the best-preserved motte-and-bailey fortifications in southern England. Its storied past and picturesque setting make it a must-visit destination for anyone exploring the region.

The History of Hertford Castle

The origins of Hertford Castle can be traced back to an Anglo-Saxon fortification, believed to have been established by King Alfred the Great to defend against Danish invaders. Following the Norman Conquest of 1066, the Normans constructed a motte-and-bailey castle on the site, forming part of a defensive ring of castles around London. The castle's administration was initially entrusted to Peter de Valoignes, the High Sheriff of Essex and Hertfordshire.

In the late 12th century, King Henry II significantly expanded the castle, adding a stone curtain wall, a gatehouse, a hall, and royal chambers. These structures, likely built of wood and half-timbering on stone foundations, served as a royal residence and a convenient stopover for English monarchs traveling to and from London. During Richard the Lionheart's reign, his regent William de Longchamp further fortified the castle. After the death of Robert de Valoignes in 1184, his son-in-law Robert FitzWalter claimed the castle, although his tenure was marked by conflicts with King John.

Hertford Castle played a role in the First Barons' War, falling to the French after a three-week siege in 1216. It later returned to royal hands under King Henry III. Over the centuries, the castle hosted various notable figures, including King Edward I's second wife, Margaret, and Queen Isabella of France, who expanded the castle and added a garden. The castle also served as a prison for high-profile captives such as King David II of Scotland and King John II of France.

In the 14th century, John of Gaunt, the third son of King Edward III, took possession of the castle and undertook extensive repairs. The castle remained in royal hands, with King Henry IV and his successors frequently visiting. During the reign of King Edward IV, significant additions were made, including the construction of the current gatehouse around 1460-1465.

The Royal Palace in the 16th Century

Under King Henry VII and Queen Elizabeth of York, Hertford Castle continued to serve as a royal residence. King Henry VIII transformed it into a palace, and it became a residence for his daughters, Mary and Elizabeth, during the 1530s. Princess Elizabeth, later Queen Elizabeth I, penned a prayer book in the castle in 1545, which is now part of the Royal Collection in the British Library. The castle also witnessed significant historical moments, such as the young King Edward VI learning of his father's death and his own ascension to the throne while residing there.

During Queen Mary I's reign, the castle was used as a prison for Protestants. Queen Elizabeth I frequently visited the castle early in her reign, and in 1561, she spent 16 days there. The castle's use shifted over time, with parts of it being repurposed for legal proceedings, including the establishment of a Star Chamber meeting room in 1582.

Decline and Later Use

By the late 16th century, Hertford Castle began to fall into disrepair. Large portions of the palace were demolished in the early 17th century. King James I leased the castle, and his son, King Charles I, sold it to William Cecil, 2nd Earl of Salisbury, in 1628. Over the following centuries, the castle was leased and underwent various modifications. From 1805 to 1818, the East India Company used the gatehouse as a school, and later, it served as a hospital from 1822 to 1832.

In 1912, the town of Hertford acquired the castle, converting the gatehouse into municipal offices and transforming the surrounding grounds into a public park. Archaeological investigations in the late 20th century revealed more about the castle's medieval defenses, leading to further preservation efforts.

Exploring Hertford Castle Today

Today, visitors can explore the remnants of Hertford Castle and its beautiful surroundings. The castle is situated in the heart of Hertford, south of the River Lea. The motte, a prominent feature of the original fortification, still stands at approximately 30 meters in diameter and 6.5 meters in height. The bailey, covering about one hectare, is partially enclosed by the remains of a stone curtain wall, with a narrow octagonal tower from the 14th century still visible on the southern wall.

The gatehouse, the only surviving building from the medieval castle, is a three-story structure originally built around 1460-1465. It features an octagonal stair tower and was expanded in the late 18th century, incorporating Gothic-style windows and battlements. Subsequent renovations in the 19th century and restoration work from 1967 to 1971 have preserved its historical charm.

Visitors can also see the remnants of the double moat that once encircled the castle, particularly on the southern side. Although much of the moat was filled in around 1905, these features offer a glimpse into the castle's defensive past.

Hertford Castle, with its rich history and picturesque setting, provides a fascinating journey through time. Whether you're a history buff or simply looking for a beautiful spot to explore, this historic site offers a unique and memorable experience in the heart of Hertfordshire.