Step back in time to the bustling era of American whaling as you visit the United States Customhouse in New Bedford, Massachusetts. This architectural gem stands proudly at the intersection of 2nd and William Streets, a testament to New Bedford's storied past and its pivotal role in the nation's maritime history. Designed by the esteemed architect Robert Mills in 1834, the Customhouse is a splendid example of Greek Revival architecture, exuding both elegance and historical significance.
The United States Customhouse holds a special place in New Bedford's history, serving as a hub for the bustling whaling industry that defined the city in the 19th century. In 1789, New Bedford was designated as the administrative center of the Tenth U.S. Customs District, recognizing its burgeoning importance as a port city. By the early 1800s, New Bedford had surpassed Nantucket as the world capital of whaling, prompting Congress to authorize the construction of a dedicated Customhouse in 1832.
Construction began in 1834, and the building was completed in 1836 at a cost of approximately $31,000. The Customhouse quickly became a focal point for maritime activity, where whaling captains filed their paperwork and paid duties, contributing to New Bedford's prosperity. Its continued use as a port of entry today highlights its enduring legacy.
The United States Customhouse is a striking example of Greek Revival architecture, characterized by its symmetrical design and grand portico. The building's facade is dominated by four imposing Doric columns, each over twenty-five feet tall, supporting an elegant pediment. This feature, added to the design in 1836, is a hallmark of the Greek Revival style, lending the structure an air of classical grandeur.
The Customhouse's construction reflects the architectural advancements of the time, particularly in fireproofing techniques. Following a devastating fire in Washington, DC, in 1833, the Treasury Department mandated new fireproofing standards for federal buildings. As a result, the Customhouse was built with solid masonry walls and brick groin-vaulted floors, ensuring its durability and safety.
Inside, the Customhouse is a blend of simplicity and functionality, with modest interior finishes that reflect the frugality of the period. The first floor features a central corridor, while the second floor houses the main hall and various offices. Original architectural details, such as the groin-vaulted ceilings and molded wood service counters, offer a glimpse into the building's storied past.
The main staircase, described in 1837 as unsurpassed in craftsmanship, remains a highlight of the interior. Its stone treads, wood handrail, and iron balusters showcase the attention to detail that went into the building's construction.
Recognizing its historical and architectural significance, the United States Customhouse was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1970 and listed in the National Register of Historic Places. It is also a contributing building in the New Bedford National Historic Landmark District, which was established in 1966 to preserve the city's rich whaling heritage.
In the 1960s, the Customhouse underwent extensive restoration to preserve its original character. The building's exterior was cleaned, and the windows were replaced with replicas of the original 6/6 double-hung wood sashes. Today, plans for further rehabilitation are underway, ensuring that this national treasure continues to serve its community while honoring its past.
Visiting the United States Customhouse is a journey through time, offering a unique perspective on New Bedford's maritime history and its role in shaping America's economic landscape. As you explore the building and its surroundings, you'll gain a deeper appreciation for the city's whaling heritage and the architectural beauty of this enduring landmark.
Whether you're a history enthusiast or simply curious about New Bedford's past, the United States Customhouse promises an enriching experience. Its walls echo with the stories of the sea, inviting you to discover the legacy of a bygone era in one of New England's most charming cities.
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