The Royal Citadel in Plymouth, Devon, stands as a formidable testament to England's rich military history. Perched majestically at the eastern end of Plymouth Hoe, this imposing fortress overlooks the serene waters of Plymouth Sound. Built in the late 1660s to the design of the esteemed Dutch military engineer Sir Bernard de Gomme, the Royal Citadel seamlessly blends historical significance with architectural grandeur, making it a must-visit landmark for history enthusiasts and casual tourists alike.
The origins of the Royal Citadel can be traced back to the time of Sir Francis Drake, who, in 1590, was tasked with enhancing Plymouth's defenses. Drake's initial efforts led to the establishment of temporary artillery batteries, but his vision extended further. By 1592, funds were secured through a tax on pilchard exports, and the construction of a fort on Plymouth Hoe began. This fort, completed in 1596, incorporated existing batteries and blockhouses, forming a robust defense system that would later be integrated into the Royal Citadel.
The Dutch Wars of 1664-67 underscored the strategic importance of Plymouth as a channel port, prompting King Charles II to commission the construction of a more formidable fortress. Sir Bernard de Gomme's design initially envisioned a regular fort with five bastions west of Drake's Fort. However, the final plan was revised to encompass the earlier fort, resulting in the Citadel's distinctive irregular outline. Despite facing criticism for his unorthodox design, de Gomme's vision materialized into a fortress of immense strength and strategic value.
The construction of the Royal Citadel began in March 1665, with the foundation stone laid on 18 July 1666 by John Granville, 1st Earl of Bath. Elements of the earlier Tudor fort were incorporated into the new structure, which was built using local limestone. The English Baroque gateway, designed by Sir Thomas Fitz, is a notable feature, originally approached by a drawbridge over a dry moat. The Citadel's 70-foot-high walls and strategic positioning made it the most important English defense for over a century.
Visitors to the Royal Citadel are treated to a fascinating journey through centuries of military history. The fortress, still occupied by the military, is home to the 29 Commando Regiment of the Royal Artillery, a specialist unit providing artillery support to 3 Commando Brigade of the Royal Marines. Guided tours offer a unique opportunity to explore the Citadel's storied past and its ongoing role in national defense.
One of the highlights of the Royal Citadel is the English Baroque gateway, a stunning example of 17th-century architecture. As you pass through this historic entrance, you are transported back in time, walking in the footsteps of soldiers who once defended this vital stronghold. The Citadel's walls, built to withstand the most determined attacks, offer breathtaking views over Plymouth Sound, providing a glimpse into the strategic importance of this location.
The Royal Chapel of St Katherine-upon-the-Hoe, located within the Citadel, is another must-see. Originally licensed for services in 1371, the chapel was rebuilt between 1666 and 1671. Its galleries and transepts, added in 1845, give the building a cross-like structure. The chapel's rich history and architectural beauty make it a serene and reflective space amidst the fortress's imposing defenses.
Adjacent to the Citadel, the Royal Navy Victualling Yard, established contemporaneously, once served the fleet in Plymouth Sound and Sutton Pool. Although it closed in the 1830s with the establishment of the Royal William Victualling Yard, the area remains an integral part of the Citadel's history, now accommodating military vehicles too large to pass through the 17th-century gateway.
Throughout its history, the Royal Citadel has adapted to meet the needs of the times. During the Second World War, it served as the headquarters of the Coast Artillery Training Centre, Plymouth. Post-war, it became the base for the Coast Artillery School and the 47th Coast Regiment. Although coast artillery was disbanded in 1956, the Citadel continues to play a crucial role in military training and operations.
In recent years, plans have been made for the future of the Royal Citadel. The Ministry of Defence has indicated that the site will be disposed of by 2035, marking the end of an era for this historic fortress. However, until then, the Citadel remains a vital part of Plymouth's military heritage, offering visitors a unique glimpse into the past while continuing to serve the nation's defense needs.
In conclusion, the Royal Citadel in Plymouth is more than just a historic monument; it is a living testament to England's enduring military legacy. Its walls have witnessed centuries of conflict and change, standing as a symbol of strength and resilience. Whether you are a history buff, an architecture enthusiast, or simply seeking a captivating experience, the Royal Citadel promises an unforgettable journey through time.
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