Mausoleum of Galla Placidia

In the heart of Ravenna, Italy, lies a small yet profoundly significant structure known as the Mausoleum of Galla Placidia (Mausoleo di Galla Placidia). This unassuming brick building, constructed in the first half of the 5th century AD, is a hidden gem of early Christian art and architecture, offering visitors a glimpse into the past and the rich history of this ancient city.

The History of the Mausoleum of Galla Placidia

Despite its name, the Mausoleum of Galla Placidia's function and patronage are subjects of academic debate. Traditionally, it is believed that the building was commissioned by Galla Placidia, daughter of Emperor Theodosius I and regent of the Western Roman Empire for her son Valentinian III. The mausoleum was purportedly intended for herself, her husband Constantius III, and her brother Honorius. However, historical records suggest that Galla Placidia died in Rome in 450 AD and was buried there, casting doubt on this tradition.

While its exact purpose remains uncertain, the mausoleum is generally accepted as an imperial funerary monument associated with the nearby Church of Santa Croce, to which it was originally connected by a now-lost portico. Over time, it may have also served as an oratory dedicated to Saint Lawrence and Saints Nazarius and Celsus.

In 1991, the Mausoleum of Galla Placidia was inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List as part of the Early Christian Monuments of Ravenna, recognizing its outstanding historical and artistic value.

Architecture and Exterior

The mausoleum's exterior, though modest and austere, is a fine example of early Christian architecture. It is built in the shape of a Latin cross, with the central nave slightly longer than the transept. The structure is made of simple brickwork, with a square tower rising above the crossing and a pitched roof covering the four arms of the cross. The building's exterior is adorned with minimal decoration, including blind arches and a frieze depicting two facing felines flanking a volute krater, surrounded by grapevines laden with clusters of grapes.

One of the most striking features of the mausoleum is its subsidence, which has caused the structure to sink by approximately 1.5 meters since its construction. Despite this, the building remains remarkably well-preserved, offering visitors a tangible connection to the past.

The Interior and Mosaics

Stepping inside the Mausoleum of Galla Placidia is like entering a different world. The interior is adorned with some of the most exquisite and well-preserved mosaics from the early Christian period, dating to the second quarter of the 5th century. These mosaics cover the walls, vaults, and lunettes, creating a breathtaking visual experience.

The central dome is a masterpiece of mosaic art, featuring a cross surrounded by a field of stars on a deep blue background. This celestial scene is both awe-inspiring and deeply symbolic, representing the heavens and the promise of eternal life. The four pendentives below the dome depict the Tetramorph, the four living creatures described in the Book of Ezekiel and the Revelation of John, which later became associated with the four Evangelists.

The lunettes at the ends of the arms of the cross are equally captivating. One lunette depicts Christ as the Good Shepherd, a youthful, beardless figure seated among his flock, wearing a tunic and mantle reminiscent of imperial attire. This image is one of the earliest monumental representations of this iconography, influenced by classical depictions of Orpheus. Opposite this, another lunette shows Saint Lawrence, identified by his gridiron, the instrument of his martyrdom, and holding a cross and an open book with Hebrew script. This scene has been subject to various interpretations, including the possibility that it represents King David or Christ himself, symbolically casting heretical books into the fire.

The barrel vaults and arches of the mausoleum are richly decorated with intricate patterns of flowers, fruits, and geometric designs, adding to the overall splendor of the interior. The windows are covered with translucent alabaster, allowing soft, diffused light to filter into the space, enhancing the ethereal atmosphere.

A Source of Inspiration

The Mausoleum of Galla Placidia has inspired countless visitors over the centuries, including the famous American composer Cole Porter, who is said to have been moved by the beauty of the starry dome during his honeymoon, leading to the creation of his classic song Night and Day.

Another notable visitor was the Swiss psychologist Carl Gustav Jung, who experienced a profound vision during his second visit to the mausoleum, which he recounted in his book Memories, Dreams, Reflections.

Visiting the Mausoleum of Galla Placidia

A visit to the Mausoleum of Galla Placidia is a journey through time, offering a unique opportunity to explore the art and architecture of early Christianity. As you stand beneath the starry dome and gaze at the vibrant mosaics, you cannot help but feel a sense of wonder and reverence for the craftsmanship and faith of those who created this extraordinary monument.

Whether you are a history enthusiast, an art lover, or simply a curious traveler, the Mausoleum of Galla Placidia is an essential stop on your visit to Ravenna, a city that continues to reveal its ancient treasures to those who seek them out.