Fortifications of Brussels

The Fortifications of Brussels, known locally as the Stadsomwalling van Brussel, are a fascinating glimpse into the medieval history of Belgium's capital. These ancient walls, originally built to protect the burgeoning city, now stand as a testament to Brussels' rich and tumultuous past. The fortifications underwent two significant phases of construction: the first in the early 13th century and the second in the late 14th century. Today, only a few remnants of these walls remain, with the Halle Gate being the most prominent and well-preserved example.

The First Walls of Brussels

The initial fortifications of Brussels were constructed at the beginning of the 13th century during the reign of Henry I, the first Duke of Brabant. These walls were built to defend the city, which had begun to flourish as a center of commerce and trade. The first walls, known as the première enceinte in French and eerste stadsomwalling in Dutch, stretched approximately 4 kilometers (2.5 miles) and enclosed the heart of the city, including the Grand-Place, the island of Saint-Géry, and the first port on the river Senne.

Initially, the walls were made of earth with a wooden palisade on top. However, as the city grew, these were replaced with more formidable stone walls that stood about 10 meters (33 feet) tall and were 1 to 2.5 meters (3 to 8 feet) thick. These stone walls were supported by square pillars linked by arches and buried under a talus, providing additional support. The walls featured arrow slits for archers and a crenellated parapet for defenders. A large ditch, which could be flooded to form a moat, further enhanced the city's defenses.

The Flemish Invasion and the Need for New Walls

The first walls of Brussels were put to the test during the Flemish invasion of 1356. Following the death of Duke John III of Brabant, a succession crisis ensued, leading to an invasion by Count Louis II of Flanders. The city walls offered little resistance, and Brussels was quickly seized. However, a group of Brabantian patriots, led by Everard t'Serclaes, managed to retake the city, allowing Joanna and Wenceslaus to make their triumphant entry into Brussels and grant a charter of liberties.

This invasion highlighted the inadequacy of the first walls, prompting the construction of a second, more extensive set of fortifications. These new walls, known as the seconde enceinte in French and tweede stadsomwalling in Dutch, were built between 1356 and 1383. They extended to nearly 8 kilometers (5 miles) and enclosed the surrounding hamlets and fields that supplied the city. The second walls featured 72 semicircular towers and seven main gates, corresponding to the entries of the first walls.

The Evolution of the Second Walls

As military technology evolved, so did the defenses of Brussels. The advent of artillery in the 16th and 17th centuries necessitated further modifications to the walls, including the addition of ditches, bastions, and ravelins. The Fort of Monterey, built between 1672 and 1675, was the most significant of these new defenses. Despite these improvements, the fortifications proved ineffective during the French bombardment of Brussels in 1695 and the French seizure of the city in 1746.

By the late 18th century, the fortifications had become obsolete, and Emperor Joseph II ordered their dismantling in 1782. The process continued intermittently, with significant demolitions occurring under Napoleon's orders in 1804 and again in 1810. The construction of the Small Ring, a series of boulevards replacing the second walls, began in the early 19th century and continued for several decades.

The Halle Gate: A Surviving Relic

One of the most remarkable remnants of the second walls is the Halle Gate. This medieval gate, spared from demolition, has been transformed over the years. From 1868 to 1871, the architect Henri Beyaert renovated the gate, giving it a neo-Gothic appearance that aligned with the romanticized vision of the Middle Ages. Today, the Halle Gate stands as a museum, offering visitors a glimpse into Brussels' medieval past.

Exploring the Fortifications Today

While much of the original fortifications have been lost to time, several sections of the first and second walls can still be seen. These remnants provide a tangible connection to the city's history and are a must-visit for history enthusiasts and casual tourists alike. Walking along these ancient walls, one can imagine the bustling medieval city they once protected and the many events they witnessed.

In conclusion, the Fortifications of Brussels are more than just historical relics; they are a symbol of the city's resilience and enduring legacy. As you explore these ancient walls, you will be transported back in time, gaining a deeper appreciation for the rich history that has shaped Brussels into the vibrant city it is today.