San Francesco, known locally as Chiesa di San Francesco, is a captivating historical and architectural gem nestled in the heart of Terni, Italy. This enchanting sanctuary, dedicated to St. Francis of Assisi, stands as a testament to centuries of religious devotion and architectural evolution. With its storied past and striking design, San Francesco is a must-visit for anyone exploring the rich cultural tapestry of Terni.
The origins of San Francesco date back to the latter half of the 13th century, specifically between 1265 and 1288. The church was constructed on a site steeped in tradition, where St. Francis of Assisi is said to have established a humble shelter following a sermon he delivered in 1218. This sermon, held in the square before the episcopal palace, is well-documented in the Vita prima by Thomas of Celano.
By 1259, the friars sought permission to relocate to the oratory of San Cassiano, now the church of San Marco. This move likely coincided with the commencement of construction for the new church. By 1265, the friars requested to move into more suitable accommodations, hinting that the new church's construction was well underway. The architectural design of San Francesco was heavily influenced by the models of Assisi, particularly the Basilica of Santa Chiara, leading historians to attribute the overall concept to Fra Filippo da Campello.
By the last quarter of the 13th century, the church was already covered, and papal bulls were issued, granting indulgences to those who contributed to its decoration. During this period, notable figures like Simone Camporeali and Pietro Cesi da Poggio Azzuano were buried beneath the high altar. The altar's design, reminiscent of the lower basilica of San Francesco, underscores the sanctuary's monumental nature, making it a significant pilgrimage site well into the modern era.
As you step into San Francesco, you are immediately struck by its austere yet majestic façade. The Romanesque portal, adorned with a grand oculus, hints at the church's ancient roots. The interior, though extensively modified over the centuries, still echoes the sanctity and solemnity of its original design. The church's layout and architecture are a blend of Gothic and Romanesque styles, reflecting the various phases of its construction and renovation.
One of the most striking features of San Francesco is the Paradisi Chapel, decorated by Bartolomeo di Tommaso in the mid-15th century. This chapel boasts a series of frescoes depicting the Second Coming of Christ and the Last Judgment, inspired by the sermons of St. James of the Marches. The vivid imagery and intricate details of these frescoes offer a glimpse into the theological and artistic sensibilities of the time.
In 1445, the church's bell tower was raised, featuring bifora and quadrifora windows, a work attributed to Antonio da Orvieto. This addition not only enhanced the church's aesthetic appeal but also served as a functional element for calling the faithful to prayer. The tower remains one of the most recognizable features of San Francesco, standing tall against the Terni skyline.
The 16th century saw the addition of the Holy Cross Chapel, carved out from the cloistered areas and decorated by Sebastiano Flori in 1575. This chapel, along with the St. Anthony of Padua Chapel built in the 17th century, showcases the church's continuous evolution to meet the spiritual needs of its congregation. The latter chapel is adorned with Baroque stuccoes, likely the work of the Grimani brothers from Stroncone, and features large murals that may have been painted by Giacomo Giorgetti from Assisi.
The 20th century brought significant changes to San Francesco. In 1943, the parish of San Niccolò in Viis Divisis was transferred to San Francesco due to the demolition of the original complex. The church was entrusted to the Salesians, who have since played a vital role in its upkeep and community engagement. However, the church did not escape the ravages of World War II. Allied bombings caused substantial damage, leading to the collapse of several vaults and walls. Extensive restoration efforts were undertaken to repair and preserve this historic site.
In 2004, San Francesco was elevated to the status of a sanctuary by Bishop Vincenzo Paglia, recognizing its sacred significance and historical connection to St. Francis of Assisi. The church also houses the tombs of two of his companions, making it a revered pilgrimage destination. Despite suffering minor damage from the 2009 earthquake in L'Aquila, the church underwent thorough restoration and structural consolidation, completed in 2015.
San Francesco stands today as a beacon of faith, history, and architectural splendor. Its walls tell stories of devotion, resilience, and artistic brilliance, making it an unmissable landmark for anyone visiting Terni. Whether you are a history enthusiast, an art lover, or a spiritual seeker, San Francesco offers a profound and enriching experience that transcends time.
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