Rocca Pia

Rocca Pia, a majestic fortress from the 15th century, stands proudly in the heart of Tivoli, Italy. This impressive structure, with its robust towers and commanding presence, is a testament to the rich and tumultuous history of the region. Built to ensure the city's allegiance to the papal authority, Rocca Pia has witnessed centuries of change, conflict, and transformation, making it a captivating destination for history enthusiasts and casual tourists alike.

The History of Rocca Pia

The story of Rocca Pia begins in 1461, a time when Tivoli was embroiled in intense conflicts between the Guelphs and Ghibellines, as well as internal strife among the Colonna and Orsini families. The city's aspirations for municipal independence were ultimately quashed, leading to its subjugation under papal power. It was during this period that Pope Pius II Piccolomini, on his first visit to Tivoli, initiated the construction of Rocca Pia to secure the city's loyalty.

The project was likely overseen by architects Niccolò and Varrone, both students of the renowned Filarete. The construction was supervised by Giovanni Stefano da Landriano, with the master builder Manfredino and his workshop executing the work. The financing was managed by Fra Giacomo da Gaeta. An inscription above the entrance portal still commemorates this pivotal moment in Tivoli's history: Grata bonis, invisa malis, inimica superbis sum Tibure: enim sic Pius instituit (Grateful to the good, hateful to the wicked, enemy to the proud, I am for you in Tivoli, for so willed Pius).

The Construction of Rocca Pia

The strategic location chosen for Rocca Pia was no accident. Situated just outside the historic center and the city walls, yet prominent enough to oversee the rest of Tivoli, the fortress was ideally positioned to ensure security from external threats while preventing internal unrest. The area to the east, now Piazzale Matteotti, contained remnants of an Iron Age necropolis, while to the north lay the ruins of a Roman amphitheater, the so-called Amphitheater of Bleso, which were demolished to prevent them from providing cover to enemies.

The construction of Rocca Pia was completed within the century, with the addition of two smaller towers likely under Pope Sixtus IV or Pope Alexander VI Borgia. Minor modifications were made in the early 16th century under Pope Julius II. Despite its medieval appearance, Rocca Pia was designed to incorporate the latest military technology of the time, including thick walls to withstand artillery and numerous openings for firearms. However, it soon became obsolete as military architecture evolved, and the fortress took on new roles over the centuries.

The Evolution of Rocca Pia

Initially serving its strategic military purpose only partially, Rocca Pia's role evolved significantly after the mid-16th century. With the appointment of Cardinal Ippolito d'Este as governor of Tivoli and the construction of the magnificent Villa d'Este, the fortress became part of the city's grand residential project. In the 18th century, Rocca Pia was occupied by French and Austrian troops during the Roman Republic (1798-1799). It later became a barracks and was eventually adapted into a prison during the Napoleonic era, a function it retained until 1960.

Despite various restorations, Rocca Pia remained without a clear purpose for several decades and was not accessible to the public. This situation persisted until December 15, 2018, when the fortress was finally opened to visitors under the management of the Municipality of Tivoli.

The Structure of Rocca Pia

Constructed from local tuff stone, Rocca Pia features four circular towers of varying sizes connected by high walls that enclose an internal courtyard. The tallest tower, which faces outward from the city and served as the main keep, stands at 36.5 meters and contains six rooms stacked atop one another. The second tower is 25.5 meters high with five rooms, while the two smaller towers, located toward the city but open to the courtyard, are 18 meters high and contain three rooms each.

The entrance portal, adorned with the Piccolomini family crest, was once defended by an entrance forecourt with two square towers. The high walls and towers rise from a sloped base and are crowned with deep medieval-style corbels. The towers still retain their original Guelph battlements, although these have been lost on the walls. On the eastern side, a bricked-up opening at mid-height, once associated with a drawbridge, is still visible.

While Rocca Pia's design reflects medieval influences, it also embodies Pope Pius II's attempt to incorporate the most advanced technology of the time. The widespread use of firearms necessitated the thickening of the walls, which were dotted with numerous openings for cannons. Despite these innovations, the fortress quickly became inadequate for modern military needs and was repurposed for various other functions.

Visiting Rocca Pia Today

Today, Rocca Pia stands as a monument to Tivoli's rich history and architectural heritage. Visitors can explore its formidable towers, walk along its high walls, and imagine the many historical events that unfolded within its stone confines. The fortress offers a unique glimpse into the past, from its medieval origins to its later adaptations and transformations.

Whether you are a history enthusiast, an architecture aficionado, or simply a curious traveler, Rocca Pia is a must-visit destination that promises to captivate and inspire. Its storied past, impressive structure, and commanding presence make it a true gem in the heart of Tivoli.