Palazzo Madama and Casaforte degli Acaja, Turin

Palazzo Madama and Casaforte degli Acaja, located in the heart of Turin's Piazza Castello, is a magnificent architectural and historical complex that narrates the rich tapestry of Turin's history. This UNESCO World Heritage site, part of the Residences of the Royal House of Savoy, is not just a building but a confluence of two millennia of history, from its origins as a Roman gate to its current role as the Civic Museum of Ancient Art.

The Origins: From Roman Gate to Fortified House

The story of Palazzo Madama and Casaforte degli Acaja begins in ancient times, on the site of the Roman colony of Julia Augusta Taurinorum. Originally, it was the Porta Praetoria (or Porta Decumana, according to some historians), a gateway to the city from the east, strategically positioned for defense. After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, the gate transformed into a fortress, maintaining its role as a crucial access point.

By the 13th century, the fortification came under the control of the Marquises of Monferrato. It was here in 1280 that the treaty between William V of Monferrato and Thomas III of Savoy was likely signed, marking the transfer of Turin to the House of Savoy. The property then passed to the Savoy-Acaja branch, who expanded it into a castle in the early 14th century. This transformation was led by Philip I, Prince of Savoy and Lord of Acaja, who established his power base in this fortified house.

A Secondary Residence

During the 15th and 16th centuries, the castle served as a secondary residence for the Savoy family, due to its distance from the main capital, Chambéry. It was used primarily to house guests of the Savoy court, including notable figures like Charles VIII of France. The castle also became the residence of Bianca of Monferrato, regent for her son, Charles John Amadeus.

In 1497, a gallery was created to connect the castle with the future Royal Palace, facilitating movement between the two buildings. This period marked the beginning of the castle's role as a temporary residence for the dukes during their visits to Turin.

The Court of Savoy

The castle saw significant changes in the 17th century when it became the residence of Maria Cristina of Bourbon-France, known as the first Madama Reale, regent for Charles Emmanuel II of Savoy. She initiated major renovations, including the covering of the courtyard and the modernization of the apartments.

Later, Maria Giovanna Battista of Savoy-Nemours, the second Madama Reale, regent for Victor Amadeus II of Savoy, further transformed the castle. She commissioned the renowned architect Filippo Juvarra to design the current Baroque façade between 1716 and 1718. Although Juvarra's grand design was never fully realized, the completed portion remains a testament to Baroque elegance, with its grand windows, columns, and sculpted decorations.

Modern Era Transformations

With the return of the Savoy family to Turin and Piedmont, Palazzo Madama found new purposes. In 1822, it became an astronomical observatory, and later, from 1832 to 1865, it housed the Royal Picture Gallery (Galleria Sabauda). It also served as the Subalpine Senate from 1848 until its relocation to Florence in 1865. The Senate's chamber, intact until 1927, was eventually demolished during internal renovations.

In 1949, Palazzo Madama hosted the funerals of the Grande Torino football team, whose tragic plane crash had shocked the nation. The palace's historical significance continued to grow, and in 1934, it became the home of the Civic Museum of Ancient Art. Extensive restorations throughout the 20th century culminated in 2006, preserving this important historical document for future generations.

Exploring Palazzo Madama Today

Today, visitors to Palazzo Madama can explore a treasure trove of art and history. The museum houses a vast collection of ancient sculptures, a rich picture gallery, and an impressive array of porcelain. The Baroque façade, restored in 2010, and the surrounding gardens, featuring medieval botanical species, offer a glimpse into the palace's storied past.

The restoration of the Subalpine Senate Hall, completed in 2011 with the support of the CRT Foundation, is another highlight. This hall, inaugurated in the presence of the President of the Republic Giorgio Napolitano, commemorates the 150th anniversary of Italy's unification.

In 2014, the ownership of Palazzo Madama transferred from the Italian state to the City of Turin, finalizing in 2016. This transition marks a new chapter in the palace's history, ensuring its preservation and continued role as a cultural and historical landmark.

Palazzo Madama and Casaforte degli Acaja is more than just a building; it is a living testament to the rich and varied history of Turin. From its Roman origins to its Baroque transformation and modern-day significance, this complex invites visitors to step back in time and explore the layers of history that have shaped this remarkable city.