San Vittore Bell Tower

The San Vittore Bell Tower, locally known as Campanile di San Vittore, stands as a proud sentinel over the city of Varese, Italy. This architectural marvel, rising to an impressive height of 77.91 meters, is not just the tallest building in Varese but also one of its most iconic and recognizable landmarks. The tower's historical significance and its commanding presence make it a must-visit attraction for anyone exploring this charming Lombard city.

The Historical Journey of San Vittore Bell Tower

The construction of the San Vittore Bell Tower began in the early 17th century, contemporaneously with the building of the new basilica dedicated to Saint Victor the Moor. The original design of the basilica was crafted by the renowned architect Pellegrino Tibaldi, but it was Giuseppe Bernascone, affectionately known as il Mancino, who was commissioned to design the bell tower. Bernascone was a prominent figure in Varese, having already contributed significantly to the city's architectural landscape, including the Sacro Monte and various churches.

Bernascone's design for the tower adhered to the Mannerist style prevalent in Lombardy at the time. The structure was to be approximately 72 meters tall, made from a combination of grey granite from the Val d'Ossola and red clay bricks. The foundation had to be particularly robust due to the waterlogged and unstable ground adjacent to the basilica. The first stone was laid on March 5, 1617, and the construction progressed rapidly until Bernascone's death around 1634, which brought the work to a halt when the tower had reached the first balcony level.

Over the next several decades, the construction of the tower advanced slowly. It wasn't until the involvement of Giulio and Giuseppe Baroffio in the late 17th century that significant progress was made. The Baroffio brothers modified Bernascone's original design, increasing the height of the lantern to over 77 meters and adding Baroque elements to align with the evolving architectural tastes. The final touches were completed in 1773, bringing the tower to its current majestic form.

Architectural Splendor and Structural Details

The San Vittore Bell Tower's design is a testament to the architectural ingenuity of its creators. The tower's decorative richness increases as one ascends, starting with a sober granite base that measures 10.85 meters per side. This base features simple, alternating stone blocks that highlight the corners. Above the base, the tower's first level showcases red brickwork framed by granite, with four lucarnes (one on each side) adorned with granite frames and faux arches.

The second level is marked by large arched niches intended for statues that were never installed, topped by windows and surrounded by an arched molding that mirrors the internal supporting structure. Two successive cornices frame the section housing the four clock faces, each displaying hours in both Roman numerals (1 to 12) and Arabic numerals (13 to 24). Flanking each clock are sculpted granite lion heads with bronze muzzles, known locally as guardians.

Above this, the bell chamber features elegant serlianas, and the tower culminates in a richly decorated lantern. This octagonal structure, with its Baroque influences, is adorned with windows on its longer sides and simple niches on the shorter ones. The lantern is topped with a copper-covered onion dome, crowned by a bronze sphere and cross, with a weathervane inscribed with DVM (Divo Victori Martyri, dedicated to Saint Victor the Martyr). The tower's overall height reaches 77.91 meters.

The Bells of San Vittore

The San Vittore Bell Tower houses a set of eight bells, originally tuned to A major but later adjusted to A-flat major. These bells, crafted by the Varese foundryman Felice Bizzozero in 1825 (with one recast in 1870), are used for the liturgical services of the basilica and the nearby baptistery. The bells operate on the falling clapper system, typical of the Ambrosian rite of the Milan Archdiocese.

The largest bell, known as the Campanone, weighs 3.3 tons and measures 179 cm in diameter. The remaining bells vary in size and weight, each contributing to the harmonious and solemn sound that resonates across Varese. The bell ensemble is considered one of the most impressive in the Ambrosian area, praised for its rich tonal quality.

A Symbol of Resilience and Heritage

Throughout its history, the San Vittore Bell Tower has withstood the test of time and various adversities. Notably, on May 30, 1859, the tower endured cannon fire from the Austro-Hungarian Imperial Army, an act of retaliation during the Battle of Varese. The cannonball marks on the tower's southern side and a projectile embedded in the basilica's wall remain as poignant reminders of the city's Risorgimento era.

Despite its age, the tower's structure has remained remarkably stable, thanks to its robust construction. However, in recent years, weathering and other environmental factors have necessitated comprehensive restoration efforts. In November 2020, a major restoration project commenced, aimed at preserving both the interior and exterior of the tower, ensuring its continued prominence in Varese's skyline.

In conclusion, the San Vittore Bell Tower is more than just an architectural masterpiece; it is a symbol of Varese's rich history and enduring spirit. Its towering presence, intricate design, and resonant bells make it an unmissable landmark for visitors seeking to experience the cultural and historical essence of this beautiful Italian city.