Roman Thermae in Varna

Stepping into the Roman Thermae in Varna, known locally as Римски терми, is like taking a journey back to the grandeur of the Roman Empire. Nestled in the southeastern part of the contemporary city of Varna, near the bustling port, these ancient ruins stand as a testament to the architectural prowess and cultural sophistication of ancient Rome. The Roman Thermae, built in the late 2nd century AD, are among the most well-preserved architectural monuments from antiquity in Bulgaria, and they represent the largest Roman baths on the Balkan Peninsula.

The History of the Roman Thermae in Varna

The Roman Thermae were constructed during the Roman era, specifically towards the end of the 2nd century AD, in the ancient city of Odessos. Odessos, which became part of the Roman Empire in 15 BC as a part of the province of Moesia, retained a degree of autonomy, including the right to mint its own coins and the absence of a Roman garrison. This autonomy, coupled with its status as the principal port of Moesia, meant that Odessos was significantly influenced by Roman culture, a fact that is vividly illustrated by the grandiose baths.

The baths functioned until the end of the 3rd century AD, serving not just as a place for bathing, but as a crucial social hub where the men of Odessos gathered to discuss important public affairs. The imposing vaulted structures of the thermae once soared over 20 meters high, and the entire complex covered an impressive area of about 7,000 square meters.

Exploring the Roman Thermae

As you wander through the ruins, it’s easy to imagine the bustling activity that once filled these halls. Visitors to the baths would enter through spacious rooms designed to create a natural barrier against the cold air. They would then proceed to an enormous hall known as the palaestra, which served as a central meeting place. Here, the citizens of Odessos would engage in physical exercises, socialize, and discuss matters of the day.

One of the most remarkable features of the Roman Thermae in Varna is their sophisticated heating system. The baths were built near hot mineral springs, which are still in use today. The heating system involved a double floor and special cavities that directed warm air to the top of the building, ensuring a comfortable temperature throughout the year.

Architectural Splendor and Archaeological Discoveries

The grandeur of the Roman Thermae is evident in their meticulous construction and the wealth of decorations that once adorned them. Excavations have revealed fragments of marble window frames shaped like the club of Hercules, who was revered as the god-protector of springs. Statues of Roman gods such as Hercules, Victoria, and Mercury were also discovered, likely having once graced the halls of the thermae, adding to their majestic atmosphere.

In the northwest part of the thermae, inscriptions indicate the presence of a shrine dedicated to Asclepius and Hygieia, the deities of health. The discovery of coins in the drainage system, minted during the reign of Emperor Septimius Severus (193-211 AD), helps date the construction of the baths. The latest coins found date back to the time of Emperor Tacitus (275 AD), confirming that the baths were in use until the late 3rd century.

The Roman Thermae Through the Ages

After their initial use as baths, the ruins of the Roman Thermae found new purposes over the centuries. During the Ottoman period, the thermae served as a citadel, with three towers and an outer section. This fortification played a role in the defense of Varna. Later, the ruins were used as a storage facility for gunpowder, known as a baruthane. Even the underground chambers of the thermae were repurposed as a prison, referred to as Ichkale, during the late Ottoman period and after the Liberation of Bulgaria.

The Roman Thermae Today

Today, the Roman Thermae in Varna are a captivating archaeological site that attracts historians, archaeologists, and tourists alike. The ruins offer a fascinating glimpse into the daily lives and advanced engineering of the ancient Romans. During the summer, the thermae transform into a vibrant cultural venue, hosting concerts and performances in a unique historical setting.

Visiting the Roman Thermae in Varna is not just an exploration of ancient ruins but an immersion into the rich tapestry of history that shaped this region. The echoes of the past resonate through the stone walls, telling stories of a time when Odessos was a thriving city influenced by the grandeur of Rome. Whether you are a history enthusiast or a casual traveler, the Roman Thermae in Varna offer an unforgettable journey through time.