Hisn Yakka

Hisn Yakka, also known simply as Yakka, is an ancient Muslim fortress and settlement that predates the modern city of Yecla in Murcia, Spain. This historical site offers a fascinating glimpse into the region's Islamic past, having been inhabited between the 11th and 13th centuries. Abandoned after the Mudéjar revolt in 1266, the original inhabitants left behind a rich tapestry of history waiting to be explored.

The Origins of Hisn Yakka

The name Hisn Yakka, derived from the Arabic term for fortress, appears in historical records as part of the cora of Tudmir. Interestingly, the name Yakka is believed to have pre-Roman roots, possibly originating from the term Iko or Ika. Established in the late 11th century during the Almoravid period, the site was initially built to extend Muslim control and promote Islamization in a sparsely populated and loosely controlled territory. The settlement, or madina, began to take shape in the 12th century on the southern slope of the hill, protected from the cold northern winds. During this period, the Almohads undertook significant renovations to adapt the fortress to new defensive needs and accommodate the growing population.

Architectural Features

The steep terrain of Hisn Yakka necessitated the construction of terraces for building houses. This ingenious design meant that the walls of some houses served as retaining walls for others. All the houses featured two floors, with living quarters typically located on the lower level, connected to a central courtyard by stairs. This courtyard was the heart of the home, providing access to other rooms such as the stable, vestibule, kitchen, and latrine. Despite variations in size, the houses followed a consistent architectural pattern.

Urban Layout

Excavations have revealed twelve houses, showcasing the settlement's urban layout of narrow, winding streets intersected by small alleys. The natural slope of the streets facilitated drainage, supplemented by a rudimentary sewer system and cesspools. Potable water was stored in cisterns. The primary construction materials were stone, clay, and gypsum, with brick used sparingly. The entire settlement was protected by a wall or enclosure. The southern orientation of the settlement maximized sunlight exposure during the harsh winters. Just outside the walls to the south lay the maqbara, or cemetery.

A Period of Prosperity

In the early 13th century, Hisn Yakka experienced a period of prosperity, evidenced by a population increase that began in the late 12th century. This growth was not limited to the settlement but extended to various farmsteads in the surrounding area, always near water sources that enabled agricultural exploitation. This made Yakka the center of a rural district, although it likely belonged to the iqlim of Madina Bilyana (Villena). The historian Ibn Said al Maghribi's work, Al-Mugrib fī ḥulā al-Magrib, mentions that the satirical poet Abu Bakr Yahya ben Abbalqalil ben shal al Yakki was born in Yakka. Abu Walid Ismail al-Saqundi regarded him as the master of satire in the entire western Islamic world.

The Decline of Hisn Yakka

After the Christian conquest of the Kingdom of Murcia, the Muslim population became vassals of the King of Castile, significantly worsening their living conditions. This discontent led to the Mudéjar revolt. Many Mudéjar inhabitants had to leave the area following the revolt, likely marking the end of Hisn Yakka. Evidence suggests that the inhabitants hoped to return, as indicated by the discovery of a cache of domestic items, metals, glass, leather, seeds, and more in a small silo. The Christian settlers established themselves on the northern slope, possibly due to its proximity to fertile lands and the main water source, leaving the Arab settlement entirely abandoned.

Exploring Hisn Yakka Today

Today, visitors to Hisn Yakka can explore the remnants of this once-thriving settlement and gain insight into the region's Islamic heritage. The site's strategic location and architectural ingenuity offer a unique perspective on medieval Muslim life. Walking through the narrow streets and seeing the terraced houses, one can almost hear the echoes of a bustling community that once called this place home.

In conclusion, Hisn Yakka is not just an archaeological site; it is a testament to the rich and complex history of the region. Its walls and streets tell stories of a time when Muslim culture flourished in this part of Spain, making it a must-visit for history enthusiasts and curious travelers alike.