Zadar Cathedral

Zadar Cathedral, known locally as Zadarska katedrala, is a magnificent Roman Catholic cathedral located in the historic heart of Zadar, Croatia. This architectural gem stands as the largest church in all of Dalmatia and serves as the seat of the Archdiocese of Zadar. With its rich history, stunning Romanesque design, and cultural significance, Zadar Cathedral is an unmissable highlight for any visitor to this charming Adriatic city.

The History of Zadar Cathedral

The origins of Zadar Cathedral can be traced back to a Christian basilica built between the 4th and 5th centuries. This early structure laid the foundation for what would become a significant religious site. The first known bishop of Zadar, Bishop Felix, attended church councils in Aquileia in 381 and Milan in 390, marking the early prominence of the diocese.

Originally dedicated to Saint Peter, the cathedral's dedication shifted to Saint Anastasia during the time of Bishop Donatus in the 9th century. This change occurred after the bishop received the relics of Saint Anastasia from Emperor Nicephorus I. The relics were placed in a sarcophagus commissioned by Donatus, which remains preserved in the cathedral to this day.

The cathedral underwent significant reconstruction in the 11th and 12th centuries, culminating in its consecration by Pope Alexander III in 1177. However, the structure suffered considerable damage during the siege of Zadar by the Venetians and Crusaders in 1202. Extensive repairs spanned the entire 13th century, and the cathedral was re-consecrated on May 27, 1285. The final touches to the new building were completed in 1324, drawing inspiration from the Church of Santa Maria della Piazza in Ancona.

Architectural Marvels

The façade of Zadar Cathedral, completed in 1324, is a stunning example of Romanesque architecture. It features two distinct orders: the lower, more massive order with three portals, and the upper order culminating in a triangular pediment adorned with Lombard bands. The central portal is crowned by a bas-relief of the Virgin and Child, flanked by Saint Chrysogonus and Saint Anastasia. The façade also boasts two prominent rose windows, one Romanesque and the other Gothic, adding to its intricate beauty.

As you explore the exterior, you'll notice statues of a lion and a bull on the left and right edges of the façade, symbolizing the evangelists Mark and Luke, respectively. The main portal is richly decorated with a bas-relief of the four apostles, while the left portal features a statue of the mystical lamb and statues of the Angel Gabriel and the Virgin Mary.

Inside the Cathedral

Stepping inside Zadar Cathedral reveals a spacious and awe-inspiring interior. The cathedral features a nave and two aisles separated by alternating stone pillars and pylons. The elevated presbytery houses the 12th-century crypt, adding to the cathedral's historical depth. The presbytery also contains Gothic choir stalls crafted by the 15th-century Venetian master Matteo Moranzone and a primitive Gothic ciborium dating back to 1322.

The main altar is adorned with images of Saint Dominic and the Sacred Heart, while the second altar, dedicated to the souls in purgatory, was created by Venetian stonecutter Pietro Onega in 1805. The retable of this altar is a masterpiece by Palma the Younger. At the end of the nave, a marble altar with a relief of the Sacred Heart stands, alongside a marble sarcophagus containing the relics of Saint Anastasia, inscribed by Bishop Donatus in the 9th century.

The south aisle houses a marble altar used for storing relics, and the adjacent altar of the Holy Sacrament, created by sculptor A. Viviani in 1718, is richly decorated with columns and statues. Above the tabernacle, a statue of the Madonna with the dead Christ on her knees is flanked by statues of Moses and Elijah, while the altar wings feature the four evangelists and figures of virtues.

The Cloister and Tower

The cathedral's cloister and bell tower are equally impressive. The lower floors of the bell tower were constructed in 1452, and the upper floors were completed between 1890 and 1894 under the direction of English architect Sir Thomas Graham Jackson. The tower's upper levels feature four-pane windows, floral mosaics, and an octagonal pyramid topped with a brass statue of an angel that turns with the wind.

Modern Additions

In 2010, the German company Eisenbarth built a new organ for Zadar Cathedral, enhancing its musical capabilities and adding to the cathedral's cultural significance. The organ's French layout brings a modern touch to this historic site.

In conclusion, Zadar Cathedral, or Zadarska katedrala, is a testament to the rich history and architectural splendor of Zadar. From its early Christian roots to its Romanesque grandeur, the cathedral stands as a symbol of faith, resilience, and artistic achievement. Whether you're a history enthusiast, an architecture lover, or a spiritual seeker, a visit to Zadar Cathedral promises a memorable and enriching experience.