Beauvais Tapestry Manufactory

The Beauvais Tapestry Manufactory, known locally as the Manufacture de Beauvais, is a historic gem nestled in the charming town of Beauvais, France. This illustrious establishment, founded in 1664 by Jean-Baptiste Colbert, has been a beacon of artistic excellence and innovation for centuries. The manufactory was established to rival the renowned tapestry workshops of Flanders and to support Colbert’s mercantilist policies by reducing imports and producing high-quality tapestries domestically. Unlike the Manufacture des Gobelins, which primarily catered to the royal court, the Beauvais Tapestry Manufactory initially focused on the private market, creating exquisite tapestries that adorned the homes of the wealthy and influential.

The Founding and Early Years

The Beauvais Tapestry Manufactory was entrusted to Louis Hinart, a master weaver and entrepreneur, and later to his son, Jean-Baptiste Hinart. The early years were marked by financial difficulties and a focus on producing verdure tapestries, which depicted lush landscapes and foliage. In 1688, Philippe Béhagle, a Flemish merchant-weaver trained at the Gobelins, took over the manufactory. Under his leadership, the Beauvais Tapestry Manufactory began to flourish, attracting renowned artists like Jean-Baptiste Monnoyer and Jacques Duplessis to create designs for the weavers.

The Golden Age of the 18th Century

The 18th century heralded a golden age for the Beauvais Tapestry Manufactory, particularly under the artistic direction of Jean-Baptiste Oudry. Appointed in 1726, Oudry's tenure marked a period of remarkable creativity and success. He collaborated with François Boucher, one of the most celebrated painters of the time, to produce tapestries that captivated the European elite. The manufactory's tapestries were known for their intricate designs, vibrant colors, and exceptional quality, rivaling those of the Gobelins.

During this period, the Beauvais Tapestry Manufactory expanded its reach across Europe through a network of showrooms in Paris, Leipzig, and Regensburg. One of the most famous series produced during this time was the Story of Don Quixote, which depicted scenes from the classic Spanish novel. The manufactory also excelled in creating decorative ensembles, including tapestry-covered furniture, which became highly sought after by the aristocracy.

The 19th Century and State Ownership

As the French Revolution unfolded, the Beauvais Tapestry Manufactory faced significant challenges. However, it continued to employ hundreds of workers, and in 1804, Napoleon Bonaparte declared it a state-owned enterprise. Throughout the 19th century, the manufactory adapted to changing tastes and continued to produce high-quality tapestries. Notable artists like Eugène Viollet-le-Duc contributed designs, and the manufactory created works for various applications, including ecclesiastical ornaments and decorative panels.

Revival in the 20th Century

The early 20th century saw a resurgence of interest in the Beauvais Tapestry Manufactory, particularly during the 1920s and 1930s. Under the direction of Jean Ajalbert, the manufactory embraced modernity by collaborating with contemporary artists such as Raoul Dufy. This period marked a revival in the art of tapestry, with the manufactory playing a key role in the modern tapestry movement. The Beauvais Tapestry Manufactory became part of the Mobilier National in 1935, further cementing its status as a vital cultural institution.

Challenges and Resilience During World War II

The outbreak of World War II brought new challenges for the Beauvais Tapestry Manufactory. In August 1939, the workshops were relocated to Paris to protect them from the imminent threat of bombings. This move ensured the survival of the manufactory's invaluable assets and allowed the artisans to continue their work. Despite the destruction of Beauvais during the war, the manufactory's legacy endured.

A New Era in Beauvais

After a 50-year absence, the Beauvais Tapestry Manufactory returned to its namesake town in 1989, taking up residence in the former municipal abattoirs. Today, the manufactory employs a team of skilled weavers who continue to create tapestries based on designs by contemporary artists. These masterpieces adorn government buildings, embassies, and presidential residences, showcasing the enduring artistry of the Beauvais Tapestry Manufactory.

The Quadrilatère: A Tribute to Tapestry Art

Adjacent to the Beauvais Cathedral, the Quadrilatère (formerly the National Tapestry Gallery) stands as a testament to the town's rich tapestry heritage. Established in 1976 and designed by architect André Hermant, this gallery showcases both permanent and temporary exhibitions of tapestries from the Middle Ages to the present day. It also houses furniture and textiles from the Mobilier National's collection, offering visitors a comprehensive view of France's tapestry tradition.

In conclusion, the Beauvais Tapestry Manufactory is not just a historic institution; it is a living testament to the enduring art of tapestry. From its humble beginnings in the 17th century to its modern-day creations, the manufactory has continually evolved, blending tradition with innovation. A visit to Beauvais offers a unique opportunity to witness the timeless beauty and craftsmanship of this remarkable artistic legacy.