Rougemont Castle

Rougemont Castle, also known as Exeter Castle, stands as a testament to the rich tapestry of history woven into the city of Exeter in Devon, England. This formidable fortress, constructed within the northern corner of the Roman city walls, has witnessed centuries of turmoil, triumph, and transformation since its inception around 1068 following Exeter's rebellion against William the Conqueror.

The Origins and Early History

After the Norman Conquest of 1066, Exeter became a focal point of resistance against William the Conqueror, partly due to the presence of Gytha Thorkelsdóttir, the mother of the defeated King Harold. The city's refusal to swear allegiance to William and the subsequent demand to increase the traditional annual tribute led to an 18-day siege, which ended with Exeter's capitulation. To secure his position, William ordered the construction of a castle within the city's walls, selecting the highest point on a volcanic rock for its strategic advantage.

The construction of Rougemont Castle was overseen by Baldwin FitzGilbert, who was appointed as the castellan. The initial structure included a deep ditch and an inner bailey, creating a near-square enclosure measuring approximately 182 meters on each side. The Domesday Book of 1086 records the destruction of 48 houses to make way for the castle, indicating the significant impact of its construction on the local community. The castle's most enduring feature, the Norman gatehouse, showcases elements of Anglo-Saxon architecture, hinting at its early construction phase by Saxon builders under Norman direction.

The Siege of 1136 and Medieval Developments

In 1136, Rougemont Castle was besieged for three months by King Stephen's forces during Baldwin de Redvers' rebellion. The castle's defenders held out until their water supply failed, a testament to the fortification's resilience. Evidence of this siege can be seen in the repair work on the Æthelstan’s Tower and a short, roughly constructed tunnel discovered in the 1930s, believed to be associated with the undermining of the castle walls during the siege.

Throughout the 12th century, the castle saw significant expansions, including the addition of a chapel dedicated to St. Mary. The construction of an outer bailey with a protective barbican and a surrounding ditch further fortified the castle. Despite these enhancements, the castle continued to suffer damage from various conflicts, including the Second Cornish Uprising of 1497 led by Perkin Warbeck, which left it in a state of disrepair by the early 16th century.

Shakespeare’s Rougemont and the Tudor Era

Rougemont Castle holds a unique place in literary history, being mentioned in Shakespeare's play Richard III. The play references King Richard III's visit to Exeter in 1483 and the ominous association of the castle's name with his foreboding destiny. This connection adds a layer of cultural intrigue to the castle's historical narrative.

By the early 17th century, the castle had transitioned from a military stronghold to an administrative center. In 1607, a courthouse was established within the castle walls, and in the 1680s, it became the site of the infamous trials of the Devon Witches, the last individuals in England executed for witchcraft. A plaque near the gatehouse commemorates this dark chapter in history.

The 18th and 19th Centuries: Transformation and Renewal

The castle underwent significant changes in the late 18th century. In 1773, all buildings within the castle walls were demolished to make way for a new courthouse, reflecting the shift in the castle's role from a defensive structure to a center of civic administration. This new courthouse was expanded in 1895 and 1905, further cementing the castle's importance in Exeter's judicial system.

Despite these changes, the castle's historical significance remained. The Norman gatehouse, a relic of the original fortress, continued to stand as a symbol of the castle's enduring legacy. The surrounding Rougemont Gardens and Northernhay Gardens, maintained by the Exeter City Council, provide a picturesque setting for the castle, blending history with natural beauty.

Modern Era and Future Prospects

In 2004, the courthouse relocated, and the castle's interior, previously inaccessible to the public, was opened for exploration. The entire estate was sold to a developer with the vision of transforming it into a Covent Garden of the South West, aiming to blend historical preservation with modern functionality.

Today, Rougemont Castle stands as a monument to Exeter's rich history, from its Roman foundations to its Norman fortifications, and its role in the turbulent medieval and early modern periods. Visitors can explore the remnants of the castle, including the impressive Norman gatehouse, and enjoy the tranquil beauty of the surrounding gardens. The castle's blend of historical significance and natural charm makes it a must-visit destination for anyone interested in the rich tapestry of England's past.