Synagogue of Forbach

The Synagogue of Forbach, known locally as the Synagogue de Forbach, stands proudly on Avenue Saint-Rémy, directly facing the Town Hall of Forbach and not far from the Barrabino Castle in Moselle, France. This historical edifice, constructed in 1835, is one of the oldest monuments in the town, and it carries with it a rich tapestry of history and culture that continues to intrigue and inspire visitors.

The Historical Roots of the Synagogue of Forbach

The Jewish community in Forbach has deep roots that trace back to antiquity, with their presence being noted as early as the end of the 4th century. The first formal evidence of Jews in the Seigneurie of Forbach dates to 1687, with records mentioning two Jewish taxpayers, brothers named Cahen from Wesel, Germany. The community's fortunes fluctuated over the centuries, particularly under the rule of Duke Leopold I of Lorraine, whose policies were unfavorable to Jews, causing many to relocate to Metz under the protection of the Three Bishoprics.

By the early 18th century, the Jewish population in Forbach began to grow again. By 1730, twelve Jewish families had settled in a designated Jewish quarter in the old town, centered around a small synagogue. This synagogue served the community until 1836 when it was replaced due to its dilapidation and insufficient size.

Construction and Challenges

The current Synagogue of Forbach was built in 1835, funded partly by a municipal subsidy of 22,000 francs. It was designed in the traditional 19th-century synagogue style, featuring an interior balcony reserved for women. However, the building materials used were of poor quality, leading to significant structural issues. By 1853, the Jewish community sought governmental assistance for restoration. A young girl named Cécile Cahen even wrote to Empress Eugénie de Montijo, wife of Napoleon III, seeking her support. Thanks to these efforts, the synagogue was renovated in 1867 by architect Alexis Robin. Despite the renovations, the building continued to suffer from moisture and mold problems due to its flawed construction.

The Synagogue Through the Ages

During the German administration following the annexation after the Franco-Prussian War of 1870, the synagogue was managed by a sub-rabbi, with the main rabbi based in Sarreguemines and the grand rabbi in Metz. The synagogue survived World War I without damage. In 1929, another significant renovation took place, funded by a large collection that included contributions from descendants of former Forbach Jewish families. This renovation included the installation of a new tabernacle modeled after the one in the Strasbourg Consistorial Synagogue.

Tragically, during World War II, the synagogue was sacked and desecrated by the Nazis, who converted it into a morgue and storage depot. Forbach was liberated on March 13, 1945, by the 276th Regiment of the 70th Infantry Division of the U.S. Seventh Army, ending over five years of suffering. Post-war, the Jewish community reconstituted itself despite heavy losses. The synagogue, although intact, was stripped of its furnishings and religious artifacts. Services resumed in a gymnasium and later in a small oratory until the synagogue could be restored.

The Post-War Era and Decline

By 1950, the Jewish community in Forbach had grown to 120 families. However, the post-war era saw significant changes. The inauguration of a new synagogue in Merlebach in 1961 led to a decline in the Forbach community as some members relocated. The economic downturn in the region, particularly the closure of coal mines, further reduced the community's numbers as people moved to other urban centers or emigrated to Israel.

By the turn of the 21st century, only about forty Jewish families remained in Forbach. In 2013, the Synagogue of Forbach was closed and deconsecrated due to the dwindling community, marking the end of an era for this historic site.

The Synagogue's Role and Legacy

Throughout its history, the Synagogue of Forbach served not only as a place of worship but also as a center for community events, education, and the preservation of Jewish traditions and heritage. The building housed a sanctuary with an ark for the Torah scrolls, a hall for community gatherings, and smaller rooms for study and religious instruction.

Today, the Synagogue of Forbach stands as a testament to the resilience and enduring spirit of the Jewish community in Forbach. Its walls echo the stories of generations who worshipped, celebrated, and found solace within its confines. While it no longer serves as an active place of worship, its historical significance and the legacy of the community it once served continue to be remembered and honored.

Visitors to Forbach can still admire the synagogue's architecture and reflect on the rich history it represents. The story of the Synagogue of Forbach is a poignant reminder of the cultural and historical contributions of the Jewish community to the town and the enduring impact of their presence over the centuries.