Synagogue of La Chaux-de-Fonds

Tucked away in the enchanting town of La Chaux-de-Fonds in Switzerland, the Synagogue of La Chaux-de-Fonds, known locally as Synagoge La Chaux-de-Fonds, stands as a testament to the rich history and cultural heritage of the Jewish community in this region. This magnificent structure, with its distinctive Romano-Byzantine style, has been a beacon of faith and community since its inauguration in 1896. As one of the largest synagogues in Switzerland, it not only serves as a place of worship but also as a symbol of the resilience and prosperity of the local Jewish population.

The Birth of a Community

The story of the Jewish community in La Chaux-de-Fonds begins in the early 19th century with an influx of immigrants from Alsace. By 1844, the community had grown to 65 members, though they still faced significant discrimination. However, in 1857, a pivotal change occurred when the municipal authorities decided that Jewish residents would no longer need individual permissions to live in the town. This marked the beginning of a new era of integration and acceptance.

As the local Jewish population continued to grow, reaching 750 by 1890 and 914 by 1900, they played an increasingly vital role in the economic, cultural, and social development of La Chaux-de-Fonds. Notably, Jewish families were instrumental in the industrialization of the watchmaking industry, bringing technological innovation and global connections to the town. Figures like Paul Ditisheim exemplify the entrepreneurial spirit that helped shape this thriving community.

Early Places of Worship

Initially, religious ceremonies were held in private apartments, but as the community expanded, these makeshift synagogues became insufficient. In 1843, the community rented an apartment on Rue Jaquet-Droz, which served as their first formal place of worship. Despite its discreet exterior, this synagogue became a focal point for the community under the guidance of Rabbi Moïse Nordmann from Alsace.

By the 1850s, the growing population necessitated a larger space, leading to the inauguration of a new synagogue at Rue de la Serre 35a in 1863. This building, with its rectangular plan and large windows, offered greater visibility but still blended seamlessly with the surrounding architecture. It was a reflection of the community's integration into the urban fabric of La Chaux-de-Fonds.

Construction of the Current Synagogue

The Genesis of the Project

As the Jewish community continued to flourish, the synagogue on Rue de la Serre once again became too small. In the early 1880s, the community commissioned architect Sylvius Pittet to design a new building. Pittet's plans, inspired by the neo-Byzantine style popular in Europe, featured a centralized layout with orientalist and Moorish influences. However, due to antisemitic incidents in 1885, the project was temporarily postponed.

In 1888, the arrival of Rabbi Jules Wolff, a modern and forward-thinking leader, reinvigorated the community's efforts. Under his leadership, the community purchased a central plot in 1891 and launched an architectural competition. Although the jury initially favored local architect Eugène Schaltenbrand's design, the final plans were created by Richard Kuder, a German architect based in Strasbourg. The detailed execution and decoration were overseen by local architect Gustave Clerc.

The construction proceeded swiftly, with the first stone laid on June 28, 1894, and the synagogue consecrated on May 13, 1896. The inauguration was a grand affair, attended by local, cantonal, and federal authorities, highlighting the synagogue's significance to the broader community.

Architectural Splendor

General Layout and Exterior

The Synagogue of La Chaux-de-Fonds is an architectural marvel, characterized by its generous volumes and cross-shaped layout. The central dome, reaching 32 meters in height, is supported by an octagonal drum with 24 windows, flanked by four smaller domes. The building's orientation follows the traditional west-east axis, with the main entrance on the western facade.

The western facade is particularly striking, featuring turrets housing staircases, a grand entrance with intricate carvings, a large rose window, and a Hebrew inscription proclaiming the oneness of God. The lateral facades, though less ornate, are monumental in their polychromatic stonework, reflecting the diverse geological heritage of Switzerland.

Material Polychromy

The synagogue's use of varied stones from different regions of Switzerland has led historians to describe it as a veritable encyclopedia of Swiss stone. The building incorporates Jura limestones, Ostermundingen sandstone, Biasca granite, and Solothurn marble. This chromatic diversity not only enhances the building's aesthetic appeal but also symbolizes the community's openness and integration.

Interior Arrangements and Decor

Inside, the synagogue is equally impressive. The basement and ground floor house service and prayer rooms, while a gallery is reserved for women, adhering to traditional practices. The synagogue was equipped with modern amenities for its time, including a hot air heating system and electric lighting.

The interior decor, featuring painted motifs and finely crafted furniture, directs the eye towards the sanctuary, which houses the Almenor and the tabernacle. The eternal lamp, suspended before the sanctuary, provides a continuous light, symbolizing the enduring presence of faith.

Originally, the synagogue offered 418 seats, with oak pews designed to complement the building's style. The interior also includes two nine-branched candelabras, chandeliers, and wall sconces, adding to the overall grandeur.

The Synagogue of La Chaux-de-Fonds is not just a place of worship; it's a cultural landmark that tells the story of a resilient and vibrant community. Its architectural beauty, historical significance, and the role it plays in the local heritage make it a must-visit for anyone exploring La Chaux-de-Fonds. Whether you're a history enthusiast, an architecture aficionado, or simply a curious traveler, this synagogue offers a glimpse into the rich tapestry of Jewish life in Switzerland.