Santa Maria Maggiore, known locally as Chiesa di Santa Maria Maggiore, stands as a magnificent testament to the architectural and historical heritage of Lanciano, Italy. Nestled in the ancient quarter of Civitanova, this church is not only a spiritual haven but also a beacon of artistic and cultural significance. Declared a national monument in 1902, Santa Maria Maggiore is a must-visit for anyone exploring the Abruzzo region.
The most striking feature of Santa Maria Maggiore is its breathtaking Gothic facade, crafted by the masterful Francesco Petrini in the 14th century. The facade, completed in 1317, showcases a splendid portal adorned with intricate carvings. Above the portal, the lunette features a depiction of the Crucifixion, while the surrounding arches and sculptural elements highlight the finesse of Abruzzese craftsmanship from the 1300s.
Flanking the portal are two beautifully strombated bifores, with arches adorned with delicate vegetal motifs. The facade's rose window, a masterpiece of concentric circles and floral bas-reliefs, adds to the church's grandeur. This facade not only represents an architectural triumph but also serves as a gateway to the rich history embedded within its walls.
The history of Santa Maria Maggiore is as layered as its architecture. Legend has it that the church was built atop a pagan temple dedicated to Apollo, where markets and fairs once thrived. However, archaeological findings from 1968 reveal traces of a Romanesque church dating back to the late 12th century, suggesting a rich tapestry of historical transformations.
The church underwent significant changes in 1227 under the Swabian rule, with Cistercian-Burgundian craftsmen from the Santa Maria Arabona Abbey leading the renovations. This period saw the addition of a presbytery and the lowering of the church's floor, along with the construction of vaults over the naves. The Gothic facade by Petrini was later added in 1317, marking a new era of architectural evolution.
Inside, Santa Maria Maggiore is a symphony of Gothic elegance. The church is divided into three naves by cruciform pillars, adorned with pilasters and columns supporting pointed arches. As you move towards the altar, the bays transition into quadrangular shapes, leading to the octagonal presbytery. The ribbed umbrella vault covering the presbytery is a sight to behold, with its anthropomorphic and phytomorphic embellishments adding a touch of mystique.
The interior underwent various transformations over the centuries, including a Renaissance makeover in the 16th century, which added ornamental plasterwork and elements typical of the era. Despite these changes, the church retains its medieval charm, offering visitors a glimpse into its storied past.
The campanile of Santa Maria Maggiore is a prominent feature, rising majestically from the western side of the church. Its base is constructed from stone and brick, while the upper sections are entirely brick, creating a striking contrast. Divided into three levels by stone cornices and decorative arches, the campanile is a testament to the architectural ingenuity of its time.
The tower's triforas, with their stone columns and monolithic arches, add to its allure, while the lack of decoration on the adjoining 16th-century extension highlights the campanile's historical significance.
Santa Maria Maggiore has been the focus of extensive restoration efforts, particularly in the 20th and 21st centuries. The church's Gothic elements were painstakingly uncovered in the 1960s, removing modern additions that obscured its medieval beauty. More recently, restoration work from 2019 to 2024, funded by MiBACT, has ensured that this architectural gem continues to shine in its full glory.
Visitors today can appreciate the church's restored splendor, from its towering campanile to its intricate facades, each telling a story of resilience and artistic excellence.
Located on Corso Garibaldi, Santa Maria Maggiore is easily accessible, whether you're exploring on foot or by car. A short walk from Piazza Plebiscito, the church is a focal point in the medieval Civitanova district. As you approach, the ascent via the historic salita dei gradoni offers a fitting prelude to the grandeur that awaits.
In conclusion, Santa Maria Maggiore is more than just a church; it's a journey through time, a celebration of Gothic artistry, and a cornerstone of Lanciano's cultural heritage. Whether you're a history enthusiast or an admirer of architectural beauty, this remarkable monument promises an unforgettable experience.
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