La Foncalada, nestled in the heart of Oviedo, Spain, is a remarkable treasure of historical and architectural significance. Known locally as Foncalada, this ancient fountain is not just a stunning example of pre-Romanesque art but also the oldest civil engineering work in Spain that has been in continuous use. Built on the orders of King Alfonso III in the 9th century, La Foncalada stands as a testament to the ingenuity and craftsmanship of the early medieval period.
The history of La Foncalada is deeply intertwined with the early medieval period of Asturias. The name Foncalada derives from the Latin fonte incalata, which translates to invoked fountain. This name is fitting, given the fountain's historical and symbolic importance. Constructed alongside a Roman road that connected the north and south of the region, La Foncalada was a vital source of potable water for the inhabitants of Oviedo.
The fountain's construction is attributed to King Alfonso III, who reigned from 866 to 910 AD. It is believed that the fountain was built to provide a reliable water source for the city's residents and to serve as a public bath. Recent archaeological studies have revealed that La Foncalada was not just a utilitarian structure but also held significant religious symbolism. The water from the fountain was considered to have curative properties, and the inscriptions on the monument invoke the protection and blessings of Christ.
La Foncalada's architecture is a fascinating blend of Roman engineering and pre-Romanesque artistry. The fountain is built in a rectangular plan, approximately four meters wide, with a gabled roof. The structure is constructed from ashlar masonry, showcasing the precision and skill of the builders. The central feature of La Foncalada is a semi-circular arch that frames the entrance to the fountain. This arch is made from perfectly cut voussoirs, demonstrating the advanced engineering techniques of the time.
The interior of the fountain is covered with a barrel vault, creating a small, enclosed space where the water flows. The triangular pediment above the arch is adorned with inscriptions and the Victory Cross, a symbol associated with Alfonso III. The inscriptions on the monument are in Latin and invoke divine protection for the fountain. One of the inscriptions reads, This sign protects the pious. This sign conquers the enemy, reflecting the religious and protective significance of the structure.
La Foncalada is not just an architectural marvel but also a monument rich in symbolism. The Victory Cross, prominently displayed on the pediment, is flanked by the Greek letters Alpha and Omega, symbolizing the beginning and the end. This cross is a characteristic emblem of Alfonso III and is a recurring motif in the art and architecture of the Asturian kingdom.
Below the cross, there are two inscriptions that further emphasize the religious significance of the fountain. The first inscription reads, This sign protects the pious. This sign conquers the enemy, while the second one translates to, Lord, place the sign of salvation in this fountain so that you do not allow the striking angel to enter. These inscriptions highlight the belief in the protective and curative powers of the fountain's water, which was seen as a divine blessing.
Over the centuries, La Foncalada has undergone several restorations to preserve its historical and architectural integrity. The most significant restoration took place in the 1990s, during which the original drainage channel was uncovered, and parts of the ornamental ridge and an inscribed stone were found. These discoveries have provided valuable insights into the original construction and design of the fountain.
In 1998, La Foncalada was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site as part of the Monuments of Oviedo and the Kingdom of Asturias. This recognition has helped ensure the ongoing preservation and protection of this ancient monument, allowing future generations to appreciate its historical and cultural significance.
A visit to La Foncalada is a journey back in time to the early medieval period of Asturias. Located in the bustling city center of Oviedo, the fountain is easily accessible and offers a unique glimpse into the region's rich history. As you stand before this ancient structure, you can imagine the countless generations of people who have drawn water from its source and the stories that have unfolded around it.
La Foncalada is more than just a fountain; it is a symbol of the resilience and ingenuity of the people of Oviedo. Its enduring presence serves as a reminder of the city's historical significance and its role in the broader narrative of medieval Spain. Whether you are a history enthusiast, an architecture aficionado, or simply a curious traveler, a visit to La Foncalada is sure to be a memorable and enriching experience.
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