Arch of Hadrian

The Arch of Hadrian, locally known as Arco di Adriano, is an enduring symbol of ancient Roman grandeur located in the charming town of Santa Maria Capua Vetere in Italy's Campania region. This remarkable structure, originally a triple arch, now stands as a testament to the grandeur and architectural brilliance of ancient Rome, even in its partially ruined state. The Arch of Hadrian once majestically spanned the Appian Way, serving as a grand entrance to the ancient city of Capua, and possibly marking the boundary of the sacred city limits known as the pomerium.

Historical Significance

The Arch of Hadrian was erected between the 1st and 2nd centuries AD, though the exact date and dedication remain shrouded in mystery. Initially, it was believed that the arch was dedicated to Emperor Hadrian due to an inscription found on the structure. However, this has since been considered a later addition and possibly even a forgery. Another theory suggests a dedication to Emperor Septimius Severus, though this is equally uncertain. Some historians propose that the arch may have been constructed during the Flavian dynasty, following the granting of colony status to the city, which was then renamed Colonia Flavia Augusta.

Throughout its long history, the Arch of Hadrian has witnessed numerous restorations and reconstructions. Notably, in 1851, significant efforts were made to restore the arch, including the addition of modern structural elements. The arch also played a role during the Battle of Volturno in 1860, and a commemorative plaque with a text by Luigi Settembrini can be found on one of its pillars. Further restorations were undertaken after the damage sustained during World War II, with notable efforts in 1945 and between 1953 and 1955.

Architectural Marvel

The Arch of Hadrian was originally a magnificent triple arch, though today only three pillars and one of the lateral arches remain. Constructed using brick (opus latericium), the arch was once adorned with a white limestone veneer, which has since been lost to time. The remaining structure stands at an impressive height of 10 meters and spans a width of 18.5 meters, offering a glimpse into its former grandeur.

The central fornix, or main archway, was the largest of the three, with a height of 6.20 meters and a width of 4.85 meters, while the lateral arches were slightly smaller. The pillars, covered at the base with white limestone blocks, feature niches with vaulted roofs. These niches were likely framed by columns that supported an entablature running above the arches. The brick structure also contains holes, suggesting the presence of additional decorative elements, possibly statues or reliefs.

Exploring the Arch of Hadrian

Visiting the Arch of Hadrian offers a unique journey back in time. As you approach the arch, you can marvel at its imposing presence and the intricate details that have survived the ravages of time. The central archway provides a dramatic passage through which you can imagine the bustling activity of ancient Capua, with travelers and traders passing beneath its grand arches.

One of the most intriguing aspects of the arch is the commemorative plaque on one of the pillars, which recounts its role in the Battle of Volturno. This historical marker adds a layer of modern history to the ancient structure, connecting the past with the more recent events of the 19th century.

Preserving the Legacy

The Arch of Hadrian stands as a poignant reminder of the architectural and cultural achievements of ancient Rome. Despite the loss of much of its original grandeur, the arch continues to inspire awe and admiration. Preservation efforts have been crucial in maintaining the structure, allowing future generations to appreciate its historical significance.

In conclusion, the Arch of Hadrian in Santa Maria Capua Vetere is more than just an ancient ruin; it is a symbol of the enduring legacy of Rome's architectural prowess and the rich history of the region. Its towering presence and the stories it holds make it a must-visit destination for history enthusiasts and casual tourists alike. As you stand before this magnificent structure, you can't help but feel a connection to the past and an appreciation for the timeless beauty of ancient Roman architecture.