Santa Maria Capua Vetere Mithraeum

Hidden beneath the bustling streets of Santa Maria Capua Vetere in Italy lies a treasure trove of ancient mystery and religious significance: the Santa Maria Capua Vetere Mithraeum. Known locally as the Mitreo di Santa Maria Capua Vetere, this subterranean sanctuary dedicated to the god Mithras offers a unique glimpse into the spiritual life of the Roman Empire.

The History of the Santa Maria Capua Vetere Mithraeum

Discovered by chance in 1922 during construction work, the Santa Maria Capua Vetere Mithraeum dates back to the 2nd century AD. Capua, the ancient city where this Mithraeum is located, was a significant hub during Roman times, famous for its grand amphitheater, second only to the Colosseum in Rome. The spread of Mithraism in Capua is believed to have been influenced by oriental gladiators who were often associated with this cult.

The Mithraeum is a testament to the widespread influence of the Mithraic mysteries, a secretive and exclusive religion that thrived within the Roman Empire. The followers of Mithras, often soldiers and merchants, worshipped in these underground temples, which were designed to evoke the cave where Mithras was believed to have slain the primordial bull, a central myth of the religion.

Exploring the Santa Maria Capua Vetere Mithraeum

Entering the Mithraeum is like stepping back in time. Visitors descend a flight of steps into a narrow passageway that served as an antechamber. To the right, through an archway, lies a preparation room known as the apparitorium, where participants would ready themselves for the sacred rites.

To the left, the heart of the Mithraeum reveals itself: a rectangular chamber about 12 meters long and 3 meters wide, with a barrel-vaulted ceiling and small skylights. Along the sides of the chamber, stone benches provided seating for the initiates during the ceremonies. The focal point of the room is the altar at the far end, adorned with the iconic image of the Tauroctony, the slaying of the bull by Mithras.

The Tauroctony and Other Frescoes

The Tauroctony is the most significant and captivating fresco in the Mithraeum. It depicts Mithras, dressed in a Phrygian cap and a flowing red cloak, plunging a dagger into the neck of a bull. The scene is set against a rocky background, with the Sun god (Sol) watching from above and a raven, symbolizing the divine command, perched nearby. On either side of Mithras stand the torchbearers Cautes and Cautopates, representing the cycle of light and darkness, day and night.

Other fascinating frescoes adorn the walls of the Mithraeum. On the eastern wall, a lunette portrays the Moon goddess Luna riding a chariot, while the southern wall features a marble bas-relief of Cupid and Psyche. Although much of the original artwork has faded over time, the remaining pieces provide a tantalizing glimpse into the rich iconography of the Mithraic cult.

The barrel-vaulted ceiling, painted a bright yellow and dotted with green and red stars made from glass paste, likely created a mesmerizing starry sky effect when illuminated by the flickering torches of the worshippers. This celestial imagery would have enhanced the mystical atmosphere of the rituals performed within.

Unsolved Mysteries and Strange Symbols

One of the intriguing aspects of the Santa Maria Capua Vetere Mithraeum is the presence of enigmatic symbols carved into the walls. These markings, whose meanings remain undeciphered by archaeologists, add an element of mystery to the site. They suggest that the Mithraeum was not just a place of worship but also a repository of esoteric knowledge and secret rites.

Visiting the Santa Maria Capua Vetere Mithraeum

Today, the Santa Maria Capua Vetere Mithraeum is a must-visit for history enthusiasts and curious travelers alike. Its proximity to the Capua Amphitheater and the Archaeological Museum of Ancient Capua makes it an ideal addition to any itinerary exploring the rich historical landscape of this region.

As you explore the Mithraeum, you can't help but feel a sense of awe and wonder at the secret world that once thrived beneath the streets of Capua. The dimly lit chamber, the ancient frescoes, and the mysterious symbols all combine to create an atmosphere of timeless intrigue and spiritual reverence.

In conclusion, the Santa Maria Capua Vetere Mithraeum is not just an archaeological site; it is a doorway into the hidden depths of Roman religious life. It offers a rare and fascinating glimpse into the mysteries of Mithraism, a cult that once commanded the devotion of many within the Roman Empire. Whether you are a history buff, an archaeology enthusiast, or simply a curious traveler, a visit to this Mithraeum promises to be an unforgettable journey into the ancient past.