Castello Visconteo

Castello Visconteo in Voghera, Italy, stands as a testament to centuries of history, architectural evolution, and the ever-changing tides of power. This imposing structure, originally built in the late 9th to early 10th centuries, has witnessed a myriad of transformations, from a defensive fortress to a noble residence, and even a prison. Today, it captivates visitors with its rich past and enduring presence in the Lombardy region.

The Origins and Early History

The origins of Castello Visconteo are shrouded in the mists of time, with some historical documents suggesting its construction between 888 and 950 during the era of the Berengars. However, it is believed that even during the barbarian invasions, the settlement of Voghera, known as Iria, was fortified with a stronghold surrounded by defensive walls.

By the 10th century, the castle had already taken shape as a formidable structure, complete with a wide moat and solid walls supported by numerous towers. During the 11th and 12th centuries, Voghera boasted one of the most powerful and robust castles in the Oltrepò region. This period also saw the transformation of nearby manors into fortified villages, known as castra, which included houses, shops, and the main residence – the castle. Within these fortified villages, churches and monasteries such as Santa Maria della Rossella and San Marziano played significant roles in the community.

The Visconti Era

The castle's most significant transformation came under the rule of Galeazzo II Visconti in the 14th century. After conquering Pavia, Galeazzo II sought to enhance the castle's defensive capabilities, envisioning a more resilient and formidable structure. In 1372, the castle became his residence, marking the beginning of a series of fortifications and expansions.

In 1361, despite a recent peace agreement with the Marquis of Monferrato, Galeazzo II ordered further fortifications, demanding 20,000 gold florins from his jurisdiction to fund the reconstruction. This ambitious project saw the reduction of the castle's size from 100 to 80 braccia due to financial constraints, but Galeazzo II's determination ensured the completion of his vision. By 1379, he personally secured the necessary funds to achieve the original plan of 100 braccia.

Throughout the 14th and 15th centuries, the castle continued to evolve, with significant contributions from various rulers, including Filippo Maria Visconti, who resided there in 1405. The castle's strategic importance and architectural grandeur made it a coveted residence for noble families, including the Beccaria, Dal Verme, Sforza, Gonzaga, and Giudici families.

From Fortress to Prison

In the 17th century, the castle faced significant challenges, including the French occupation in 1647, which resulted in the destruction of the central tower overlooking the garden. By the 18th century, the castle's role had shifted, serving as a fiscal office, magistrate's seat, and warehouse under Austrian rule. The transition from a noble residence to a multifunctional administrative building marked a new chapter in the castle's history.

In the 19th century, the castle's condition deteriorated significantly, leading to its use as a prison for criminals starting in 1807. Despite its decline, the people of Voghera remained attached to their historic castle, and efforts to restore and preserve it continued throughout the years. In 1888, the entrance ramps and the northern facade attracted the attention of the local government, leading to improvements and maintenance projects.

20th Century Restorations

The 20th century brought renewed interest in the castle's preservation and potential as a cultural landmark. In 1926, following World War I, there were proposals to dedicate the building to the memory of fallen soldiers and to establish a library and other cultural institutions within its walls. Although these projects were not fully realized, the castle's significance as a symbol of Voghera's heritage remained intact.

In 1935, engineer Vittorio Paron presented a restoration project, and discussions with the Ministry of Justice led to plans for a new prison to replace the existing one in the city center. Despite ongoing efforts, the castle's restoration faced numerous challenges, and it wasn't until 1951 that the local government took decisive action to resume the restoration work. By 1952, the castle was designated as the future home of the Civic Museum and other cultural entities of the Oltrepò region.

Discovering Hidden Treasures

In 1997, a remarkable discovery was made within the castle's walls. During restoration work, layers of plaster were removed, revealing stunning frescoes attributed to Bramantino. These frescoes, depicting the Muses framed by white marble pilasters and red porphyry bases, offered a glimpse into the castle's artistic heritage. The intricate details and heraldic symbols provided valuable insights into the castle's historical and cultural significance.

Today, Castello Visconteo stands as a symbol of Voghera's rich history and enduring spirit. Its walls, which have witnessed centuries of change, continue to captivate visitors with their stories of power, resilience, and artistic brilliance. As you explore this historic landmark, you will be transported back in time, experiencing the grandeur and legacy of one of Italy's most remarkable castles.