Isca Dumnoniorum

Step back in time and explore the fascinating world of Isca Dumnoniorum, a remarkable Roman fortress nestled in the heart of Exeter, Devon. This ancient site, established around AD 55, served as a crucial military base and later evolved into a thriving civilian settlement. Today, the remnants of Isca Dumnoniorum offer a captivating glimpse into Roman Britain’s past, making it an unmissable destination for history enthusiasts and curious travelers alike.

The Origins of Isca Dumnoniorum

Isca Dumnoniorum, named after the river Exe, which means water or full of fish in the native British language, was initially a legionary fortress for the Second Legion Augusta. The strategic location on a dry ridge overlooking a navigable river made it an ideal spot for the Romans to establish their stronghold. The fortress's construction marked the beginning of Exeter's transformation into a significant settlement in Roman Britain.

The Roman Fortress

The fortress of Isca Dumnoniorum was a sprawling 42-acre site, designed in the typical Roman 'playing card' shape. Its wooden structures included barracks, granaries, and workshops, which were later excavated in the 1970s. One of the most notable features of the fortress was the military bathhouse, constructed from stone and supplied with water via an aqueduct. This bathhouse, with its hot and warm rooms, was a testament to the advanced engineering skills of the Romans.

Life in the Fortress

Life in the fortress was bustling and vibrant. The Second Legion Augusta, which played a crucial role in the Claudian invasion of Britain, was stationed here. The legionnaires, along with their families, contributed to the growth of a settlement outside the fortress gates. This settlement, known as canabae, became a hub of activity, with markets, workshops, and homes springing up to support the needs of the military and civilian population.

The Transition to a Civilian Settlement

Around AD 75, the military fortress was abandoned, and its grounds were repurposed for civilian use. The large military bathhouse was mostly demolished, and parts of it were incorporated into a new forum and basilica. A smaller bathhouse was constructed to the southeast, catering to the needs of the growing civilian population. By the late 2nd century, the defensive ditches and ramparts were replaced with a substantial wall, enclosing an area of approximately 92 acres. This wall, much of which still survives today, marked the perimeter of the thriving town of Isca Dumnoniorum.

Economic and Cultural Significance

Isca Dumnoniorum quickly became an important economic and cultural center. The town was a key market for cattle, crops, and pottery produced in the surrounding countryside. Evidence of copper and bronze working has also been found, indicating a thriving local industry. The discovery of over a thousand Roman coins scattered across the site highlights the town's prosperity, particularly during the first half of the 4th century.

The Decline of Isca Dumnoniorum

Despite its early success, Isca Dumnoniorum experienced a rapid decline towards the end of the 4th century. The near absence of coins dated after AD 380 suggests a swift downturn in the town's fortunes. By the time the Romans withdrew from Britain around AD 410, Isca Dumnoniorum had already begun to fade into obscurity.

Medieval and Modern Rediscovery

Following the Roman departure, there is little evidence of habitation in Exeter for nearly 300 years. It wasn't until around AD 680 that historical records mention the area again, with the education of Saint Boniface at the Exeter Abbey. The medieval period saw the construction of new buildings and the continued use of the Roman walls, which were later reinforced by Alfred the Great to protect against Viking invasions.

Exploring Isca Dumnoniorum Today

Today, visitors can explore the remnants of Isca Dumnoniorum and marvel at its historical significance. The surviving sections of the Roman wall offer a tangible connection to the past, while the Royal Albert Memorial Museum in Exeter showcases artifacts from the site, including pieces from the military bathhouse and various Roman relics. Walking through the ancient streets, one can almost hear the echoes of Roman soldiers and bustling market traders, bringing the history of Isca Dumnoniorum to life.

In conclusion, Isca Dumnoniorum is more than just an archaeological site; it is a window into the rich tapestry of Roman Britain. Its enduring legacy, preserved in the walls and artifacts that remain, invites visitors to embark on a journey through time and discover the stories of those who once lived and thrived in this remarkable Roman fortress.